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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template. |
Transcription
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Conversion of information provided by mRNA into a specific sequence of amino acids in the production of a polypeptide chain.
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Translation
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TripA sequence of 3 nucleotides of DNA which code for one amino acid.
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triplet
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A sequence of mRNA bases complementary to a triplet in DNA
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Codon
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The correct grouping of adjacent nucleotide triplets into codons that are the correct sequence of mRNA.
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Reading frame
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RNA that has been transcribed from DNA that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein.
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Messenger RNA (mRNA)
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A form of RNA composed of about 70 nucleotides which transfer specific amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.
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Transfer RNA (tRNA)
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RNA molecules that are structural components of the ribosomes and involved in protein synthesis.
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Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
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Family of enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of mRNA from DNA templates (transcription).
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RNA polymerase
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A recognition signal encoded in DNA that function to initiate transcription.
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Promoter
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DNA sequence that sequence that signals RNA polymerase to stop transcription and to release the RNA molecule and DNA template
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Terminator sequence
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A sequence of three nucleotides in tRNA that is complementary to, and pairs with, the three-nucleotide codon on mRNA
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Anticodon
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Codon on mRNA that signals the end of translation.
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Termination (stop) codon
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A complex consisting of a number of ribosomes attached to a mRNA during translation.
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Polyribosomes
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Modified guanine triphosphate that is added to the 5' end of mRNA shortly after transcription begins.
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5' cap
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Sequence of 150 to 200 adenine nucleotides added to the 3' end of mRNA before it exits the nucleus.
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Poly-A tail
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Noncoding sequence of mRNA from the stop codon to the poly-A tail.
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Trailer sequence
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RNA processing that removes introns and joins exons to produce mature mRNA |
RNA splicing
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A non-protein-coding region of a eukaryotic gene and also the mRNA transcribed from such a region
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Introns
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A protein-coding region of a eukaryotic gene and the mRNA transcribed from such a region.
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Exon
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A mutation limited to one or two nucleotides in a single gene.
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Point mutation
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The replacement of one base pair with another.
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Base-pair substitution
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Base-pair substitution that alters an amino acid codon to a new codon that codes for a different amino acid.
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Missense mutation
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Base-pair substitution that alters an amino acid codon to a chain termination codon. |
Nonsense mutation
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The insertion of one or more nucleotide pairs into a gene.
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Base-pair insertion
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The deletion of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene. |
Base-pair deletion
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A base-pair insertion or deletion that causes a shift in the reading frame.
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Frameshift mutation
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Physical or chemical agents that interact with DNA to cause mutations |
Mutagen
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The creation of mutation
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Mutagenesis
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Noncoding sequence of mRNA from the 5' end to the start codon.
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Leader sequence
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Any change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene. |
Mutation
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What are the three stages of transcription? |
1. Initiation 2. Elongation 3. Termination |
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Binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter occurs during the ______ stage during ______. |
Initiation transcription |
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The promoter in eukaryotes is a ______ box. |
TATA |
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Nucleotides are added to the 3' end of the growing RNA strand during the ____ stage of _____ |
elongation transcription |
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The RNA transcript is released during the ____ stage of _____ |
termination transcription |
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Some genes can encode more than one kind of polypeptide, depending on which segments are treated as exons during splicing. This is called _____ |
alternative RNA splicing |
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Proteins often have a modular architecture consisting of discrete regions called _____ |
domains |
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The enzyme that catalyzes the correct binding of a tRNA to it's amino acid is ____ |
amino-acyl tRNA synthetase |
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Flexible pairing at the third base of a codon is called _____ and allows some tRNAs to bind to more than one codon. |
wobble |
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The ___ holds the tRNA that carries the growing polypeptide chain. |
P site |
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The ____ holds the tRNA that carries the next amino acid to be added to the chain |
A site |
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The _____ is the exit site, where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome
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E site |
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What are the three stages of translation? |
1. Initiation 2. Elongation 3. Termination |
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____ occurs when enzymes in the eukaryotic nucleus modify pre-mRNA before the genetic messages are dispatched to the cytoplasm. |
RNA processing |
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What are the three functions of the modifications of RNA after transcription? |
1. They seem to facilitate the export of mRNA to the cytoplasm. 2. They protect mRNA fro hydrolytic enzymes. 3. They help ribosomes attach to the 5 end |
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What are the functional and evolutionary Importance of Introns?
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1. Some introns contain sequences that may regulate gene expression. 2. Some genes can encode more than one kind of polypeptide, depending on which segments are treated as exons during splicing |
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The number of different proteins an organism can produce is much ____ (greater/less) than its number of genes.
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greater
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Each tRNA has an anticodon on one end; the anticodon base-pairs with a complementary codon on ____
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mRNA |
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_____ powers the attachment of the tRNA to its amino acid.
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ATP
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_______ facilitate specific coupling of tRNA anticodons with mRNA codons in protein synthesis.
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Ribosomes
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The two ribosomal subunits (large and small) are made of ____ and ______.
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protein rRNA |
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The initiation stage of translation brings together _______
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mRNA tRNA the first amino acid two ribosomal subunits |
