Abac Animal Physiology Chapter 2

Front 1

Why are molecular weapons useful?

Back 1

B/c they allow slower predators to kill and consume much quicker prey.

Front 2

How does molecular weapons work?

Back 2

They render essential molecules and cellular structures useless inactivating.

Front 3

Epithelia

Back 3

A sheet of cells that cover a body surface or organ, or lines a cavity.

Front 4

What is the purpose of cell and intracellular membranes?

Back 4

Regulate what enters, exits, and moves through the cell

Front 5

What is the cell and intracellular membrane composted of?

Back 5

Phospholipid bilayer, membrane proteins, sterols-primarily cholesterol, and Carbohydrates

Front 6

Describe Phospholipids.

Back 6

Have a hydrophobic region know as the tail and a hydrophilic regions know as the head. the head is stuck to the tail by a Glycerol residue. There are many types of phospholipids, which are distinguished by components of the head.

Front 7

Describe the Phospholipid Head

Back 7

The Hydrophilic region. composed to two parts a negatively charged phosphate and a positively charged part, which is not tied to a definite molecule thus this is responsible for the different types (species) of phospholipids.

Front 8

Describe the Phospholipid Tail

Back 8

The Hydrophobic region. Composed of a hydrocarbon chain derived from a fatty acid.

Front 9

Phospholipid bilayer

Back 9

leaflet lying on top another w/ their tails of each leaflet facing one another forming a fluid like substance. The fluidity of the layer is determined by saturation levels of bonds w/i the tails of the phospholipids the presents/abundance of sterols. There are also an abundance of protein w/i and attached to the leaflets. One external leaflet Carbohydrates such as Glycolipids and Glycoproteins.

Front 10

Leaflet

Back 10

One of the layers of a phospholipid bilayer

Front 11

Gylcoproteins

Back 11

Carbohydrate chain attached to proteins

Front 12

Gylcolipids

Back 12

Carbohydrate chain attached to lipids

Front 13

What are membrane proteins?

Back 13

Proteins that are imbedded w/i the phospholipid bilayer or attached to it.

Front 14

What do Membrane proteins do?

Back 14

The allow direct passage of some material across the membrane or they trigger some change w/i the membrane that allow some type of passage for some material. While others provide structural support.

Front 15

What are the types of membrane proteins functions?

Back 15

Channel

Transporter

Enzymes

Receptor

Structural

Front 16

What is the function of the Channel membrane proteins?

Back 16

Diffusion of solutes, also allows osmoregulation

Front 17

What is the function of Transporter (carrier) membrane proteins?

Back 17

Binds noncovalently and reversibly w/ specific molecules or ions to move them across the membrane. (Facilitated diffusion)

Front 18

What is the function of Enzyme membrane proteins?

Back 18

Catalyzes a chemical reaction in which covalent bonds are made or broken

Front 19

What is the function of Receptor membrane proteins?

Back 19

Binds noncovalently w/ specific molecules and, as a consequence of this binding, initiaties a change in membrane permeability or cell metabolism. Mediate the response of a cell to chemical messages.

Front 20

What is the function of Structural Proteins w/i the membrane?

Back 20

Attaches to other molecules (e.g., other proteins) to anchor intracellular elements (e.g., cytoskeleton filaments) to the cell membrane, creates junctions b/t adjacent cells, or establishes other structural relations.

Front 21

What is the apical surface (mucosal surface)?

Back 21

The surface facing into the cavity or open space.

Front 22

What is the basal surface (serosal surface)?

Back 22

The surface facing toward the underlying tissue.

Front 23

What is the basement membrane (basal lamina)?

Back 23

A thin, permeable, non-cellular, and nonliving sheet of matrix material, positioned beneath the basal cell surfaces. Composed of glycoproteins and particular types of collagen.

Front 24

What are the different types of membrane junctions?

Back 24

Tight junction

Septate junction

Desmosome

Gap junction

Front 25

Describe Tight Junction

Back 25

Tightly joined together by butting up against one another, no space continuous ring around cells. Preventing any material from moving form the apical surface to the basolateral surface via the paracellular path way.

Front 26

Describe Septate Junction

Back 26

Extreme similar to Tight Junction w/ the exception of they are attached to one another by membrane ropes and they are found in invertebrates.

Front 27

What type of Junction is both Tight and Septate considered when grouped together?

Back 27

Occluding Junction

Front 28

Describe Desmosome

Back 28

Junction at which mutually adhering glycoprotein filaments from two adjacent cells intermingle across the space b/t cells. Occur only in discrete spots.

Front 29

Describe Gap Junction

Back 29

Open pores b/t cells w/ each pore formed by Connexin proteins. occurs only in discrete spots. Great intracellular communication.

Front 30

Metabolism

Back 30

is the set of processes by which cells and organisms acquire, rearrange, and void commodities in ways that sustain life.

Front 31

Catabolism

Back 31

is the set of processes by which complex chemical compounds are broken down to release energy, create smaller chemical building blocks, or prepare chemical constituents for elimination.

Front 32

Anabolism

Back 32

Consists of the processes that synthesize larger or more complex chemical compounds from smaller chemical building blocks, using energy.

Front 33

What is Mark Twain & Dan'l Webster an example of?

Back 33

Dan'l Webster was a leopard frog. Enzymatic reactions Pyruvic acid is converted into Lactic acid by the enzyme Lactate Dehydrogenase

Front 34

Why do frogs catalysis Pyruvic acid to Lactic acid?

Back 34

Frog don't have an efficient O2 intake systems and thus they formulated a different route for quick ATP production along the anaerobic route.

Front 35

What is the formula for discover the maximum reaction rate for enzyme for those w/ hyperbolic kinetics?

Back 35

V=[(Vmax)(S)]/[(S)+(Km)]

Front 36

Maximum Velocity

Back 36

A saturated enzyme-catalyzed reaction converts substrate to product. (Vmax)

Front 37

Apparent Michaelis Constant

or

Half-Saturation constant

Back 37

The substrate concentration required to attain one-half of the maximal reaction velocity. (Km)

Front 38

What are the two types of Saturation kinetics?

Back 38

Hyperbolic

Sigmoid

Front 39

Hyperbolic Kinetics

Back 39

is the relationship b/t and enzyme that can only convert one substrate at a time.

Front 40

Sigmoid Kinetics

Back 40

is the relationship b/t and enzyme that can convert two or more substrates at a time.

Front 41

What type of relationship does (Km) and substrate affinity have?

Back 41

An inverse realtionship

Front 42

Isozymes

Back 42

Are the different molecular forms of an enzyme produced by a single species

Front 43

Ligand

Back 43

A molecule that binds to a protein non-covalently in a complementry site that physical alters the proteins conformation exposing the active site.

Front 44

Acetylcholine

Back 44

A neurotransmitter (Ligand) that yield muscle contractions.

Front 45

Alpha-Conotoxin

Back 45

The fish-eating cone snails most potent toxin. It specifically binds to the receptor sites on muscle cell acetylcholine receptors, preventing acetylcholine from binding and yielding contractions.

Front 46

Explain how G protein-coupled receptors work.

Back 46

They are activated by the binding of a ligand, which then activates a separate cell-membrane protein called a G protein. The G protein then directly exert an intracellular effect, or more so the G protein interacts w/ still another protein (an enzyme) that yields a signaling compound w/i the cytoplasm.

Front 47

Explain how Enzyme/Enzyme-Linked Receptors work

Back 47

Proteins that span the membrane are activated by the binding of a ligand, which then activates the catalytic site on the inside of the cell which leads the release of signaling compound w/i the cytoplasm.

Front 48

Explain how Ligand-Gated Channels work

Back 48

A protein that spans the membrane is activated by the binding of a ligand, which then changes the conformation into an open channel where solutes can freely pass.

Front 49

What is an example of Legand-Gated Channel?

Back 49

Skeletal muscle contractions

Front 50

Explain how Intracellular receptors work

Back 50

Lipid soluble compounds pass through the cell membranes and meet receptor located in the cytoplasm or the nucleus. Once these ligand bind w/ their receptor they typically interact w/ DNA to activate specific primary-response genes, which may secondarily activate other genes