Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Tract |
Bundles of axons in the CNS |
|
|
Nuclei |
Groups of nerve cell bodies and synapses in the CNS |
|
|
White matter |
myelinated tracts in the CNS, rapid transmission of impulses |
|
|
Gray matter |
Nerve cell bodies, non-myelinated axons, dendrites and synapses in the CNS-integration of information, neural processing, generation of response |
|
|
Sensory (afferent) |
Bring info. to CNS form receptors |
|
|
integrative (interneurons) |
Transfer info to and from different parts of the CNS for processing |
|
|
Motor (efferent) |
carry instructions form the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands) |
|
|
What are the two characteristics of advanced nervous systems? |
-Centralization -Cephalization |
|
|
Centalization |
control mech. grouped together into a central integrating area |
|
|
Cephalization |
conc. of nervous control tissues (brain) in the upper end of the body (head) |
|
|
Forebrain |
Telencephalon (cerebrum) Diencephalon (Thalamus, hypothalamus) |
|
|
Midbrain |
Mesencephalon (connecting tracts and nuclei) |
|
|
Hindbrain |
Metencephalon (Pons) Myelencephalon (medulla) |
|
|
Broca's area |
initiates grammatical speech |
|
|
Wernicke's area |
is involved in understanding spoken language |
|
|
expansion of the forebrain areas |
enhanced complex functions |
|
|
Neural circuits are plastic |
Synapses are made, broken, reconnect, get stronger or weaken |
|
|
Short-term memory |
temporary reverberating circuits |
|
|
Long-term memory |
Strong, semi-permanent connection but can be modified |
|
|
Somatic Nervous System |
Sensory fibers from receptors in the skin, muscles & joints, & motor fibers to skeletal muscles; observable behavior |
|
|
Autonomic Nervous System |
Sensory fibers form the viscera, and motor fibers to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands; automatic control of routine processes: digestion, blood pressure, pupil accommodation, etc. |
|
|
What are the four types of nerve fiber? |
-General Somatic Afferent -General Somatic Efferent -General Visceral Afferent -General Visceral Efferent |
|
|
General Somatic Afferent |
Sensory; muscles of CNS |
|
|
General Somatic Efferent |
Motor; CNS to skeletal muscle |
|
|
General Visceral Afferent |
Sensory; viscera to CNS |
|
|
General Visceral Efferent |
motor; CNS to smooth muscle, heart & glands |
|
|
Sympathetic |
prepares the body to handle emergency situations. Ex. dilates pupils, inhib. digestion, Fight or flight |
|
|
Parasympathetic |
Controls routine activities needed to keep the body in homeostasis. Ex. digestion, contraction of urinary bladder, rest and digest |
|
|
Enteric |
coordinates the many processes associated w/ digestion. segmentation, peristalsis. major sensory role informing CNS of GI tract related conditions. Est. 90% of vagus nerve in sensory coming form GI tract |
|
|
Biology Clocks |
Endogenous physiological timing mechanisms |
|
|
Endogenous |
occurs from w/i, w/o any external input |
|
|
Circadian Rhythm |
A rhythm that has a pd. of approximately one day and is endogenous |
|
|
Entrainment |
environmental cues bring a rhythm into phase |
|
|
Advantages of the biological clock |
Allows animals to anticipate environmental changes and prepare for them Ex. Migration, hybernation, reproduction, etc. |
|
|
Where does the biological clock occur |
W/i the cell of nerves system |
|
|
Operates at the cellular level but is relatively insensitive to tissue temp. changes |
Biological clock |
|
|
The biological clock mechanism |
Alternating enhanced and inhibited expression of clock genes provides endogenous rhythm |
|
|
Where is the master clock located in mammals? |
Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) |
|
|
What other types of biological clocks are their? |
-Circannual -Circatidal |
