Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Nervous system |
use of neurons generating action potentials to control body functions |
|
|
Endocrine System |
use of chemicals (hormones) released into the blood to control select body functions |
|
|
Whole animal integration |
action of nervous and endocrine systems to coordinate overall function of the organism. |
|
|
What was the main animal used to study axons? |
Squid |
|
|
Control system |
a system that sets the level of a particular variable that is being control |
|
|
Hormone |
a chemical substance secreted by endocrine cells |
|
|
Neuron |
a cell that is specially adapted to generate an electrical signal-called, action potential |
|
|
Action potential |
self propagating impluse |
|
|
synapses |
cell contract points |
|
|
Dendrites |
the synaptic input occurs along branching processes. afferent fibers prov. sensory info. The receptor element of a neuron. |
|
|
Neurotransmitter |
chemical substance released by neurons |
|
|
Presynaptic cell |
the cell that sends the impusle |
|
|
Soma |
The cell body; integrate and impulse generation |
|
|
Axon |
efferent fiber carries impulse from soma. presynaptic terminal. Output element of a neuron. |
|
|
Neuron Structures? |
Unipolar Bipolar Multipolar |
|
|
Unipolar |
|
|
|
Bipolar |
|
|
|
Multipolar |
|
|
|
Sensory neurons |
Afferent carry info into the Central Nervous System |
|
|
Motor neurons |
Efferent carry info away form the Central Nervous System |
|
|
Interneurons |
signals b/t neurons in the CNS |
|
|
Central Nervous System (CNS) |
brain and spinal cord |
|
|
Axon hilock |
the conical area on the soma from which the axon arises |
|
|
Axon initial segment |
a specialized area that is commonly the site of action potential initiation |
|
|
Afferent neurons |
To bring toward |
|
|
Efferent neurons |
To carry off |
|
|
Endocrine system consist of what endocrine glands? |
Thyroid Adrenal Pituitary Testes |
|
|
Endocrine system |
Secrete hormones into the blood going to all tissues |
|
|
What is required for cell of different types of tissues to respond to hormones? |
Receptor proteins that can bind to the hormones |
|
|
What are the effects of endocrine controlled? |
Slow onset Prolonged effects Effect different tissues differently |
|
|
What processes are primarily under Neural Control? |
Skeletal muscle contraction Smooth muscle contraction Altering heart rate and stimulating glands |
|
|
What processes are primarily under Endocrine Control? |
Metabolism Growth Development Reproductive cycles Blood glucose regulation myometrium contraction |
|
|
Neuroglia (glial cells) |
Cells that support neurons in transmission of impulses |
|
|
Astrocytes |
Structural support and neuron metabolism. The act as a metabolic intermediaries b/t capillaries and neruons. |
|
|
Microglia |
special phagocytic cells in the CNS |
|
|
Schwann Cells |
Ensheathing glial cells in the PNS |
|
|
Oligodendricytes |
Form myelin sheath, insulate in the CNS |
|
|
What is the mammalian glial : neuron ratio? |
10/1 |
|
|
Reflex |
sterertyped behavioral response to a distinct stimulus |
|
|
Reticular Theroy |
Nervous system were composed of complex, continuous meshworks of cells and processes in protoplasmic continuity w. each other. |
|
|
Neuron Doctrine |
States the neurons are anatomically distinct and are structural, functional, and developmental units of organization of nervous systems. |
|
|
Thinner dendritic branches may lack what? |
Golgi apparatues and rough ER |
|
|
Myelin Sheath |
Multiple wrapping of insulating glial cell membranes that increase the speed of impulse tranmission |
|
|
Microglial Cells |
Mediate immune response in neural tissue and act as phagocytes, consuming pathogens and cells debris in brain injury |
|
|
Myelin |
White lipid |
|
|
Nodes of Ranvier |
The gaps along the myelinated axon b/t the myelin sheaths |
|
|
Electric current (I) |
The net movement of charges |
|
|
Voltage(V) |
The separation of positive and negative charges |
|
|
Resistance (R) |
The limits of the current flow |
|
|
Transmembrane potentials |
Voltage across membrane |
|
|
Resting membrane protential |
DAbout 65 mv |
|
|
Action potential |
Is a momentary reversal of membrane potential form about -65 inside to about +40 inside, lasting about 1ms, followed by restoration of the original membrane potential. |
|
|
Depolarization |
Is a decrease in the absolute value of the membrane potential toward zero |
|
|
Ohm's law |
The current should change the membrane potential by an amount proportional to the resistance of the current flow |
|
|
How long is the delay b/t action potentials? |
1ms |
|
|
Hyperpolarization |
is an increase in the absolute value of the membrane potential away form zero |
|
|
Action Potential |
Is a momentary reversal of membrane potential from about -65 to +40 inside the cell lasting about 1 ms followed restoration of the resting membrane potential |
|
|
Myelinated Axon |
-Internodes have no charges -Depolarization only occur at the nodes -Much faster conduction -Saltatory conduction |
|
|
Axon Diameter |
Inc. diameter= increase rate of conduction |
|
|
Myelination |
-Mylenation=increase rate of conduction -Char. of vertebrate nervous systems |
|
|
Temperature |
-Inc. Temp. = inc. rate of conduction -Homeotherms have advantage over polkiotherms |
|
|
internodes |
The myelinated portion of the axon (b/t the nodes) |
|
|
Class C axon |
-Small, nonmyelinated fiber-.5m/sec -In humans, fibers carrying pain impulses from visdcera |
|
|
Class B axon |
-Medium, myelinated fiber -10m/sec -In humans, sensory input form viscera to CNS |
|
|
Class A axon |
-Large, myelinated fiber -130m/sec -In humans, fibers stimulating skeletal muscles, sensory fibers to CNS on position of joints |
