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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the difference between shaping and fading?
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Shaping changes the response
Fading changes the stimulus |
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When is it appropriate to use prompting and transfer of stimulus?
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When the individual can't do the behavior because he/she hasn't learned the behavior or hasn't learned to do the behavior correctly.
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What are the seven guideline steps for appropriately using prompting and transferring stimulus control?
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1. Choose the most appropriately prompting strategy.
2. Get the learner's attention. 3. Present the S(D) 4. Prompt the correct response. 5. Reinforce the correct behavior. 6. Transfer stimulus control by fading or prompt delay. 7. Continue to reinforce unprompted responses. |
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What are the four different types of prompts?
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Verbal
Gesture Physical Modeling |
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What are the three ways to transfer stimulus control?
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Prompt fading
Prompt delaying stimulus fading |
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What is the difference between prompt fading and stimulus fading?
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Prompt: the response prompt is eliminated gradually
Stimulus: the stimulus prompt is eliminated gradually |
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What is prompt fading?
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When the response prompt is eliminated gradually
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What is Prompt delay?
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After the S(D) is presented, the prompt is delayed to provide the opportunity for an unprompted response to occur
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When is most-to-least prompting appropriate?
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When the learner will need physical prompting to engage in the correct behavior
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Whether the prompt delay is constant or graduated, the first trail always begins with a _________ second delay between the S(D) and the prompt.
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0
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Eventually the stimulus prompt must be removed through a process called _______ ________ to transfer stimulus control to the natural S(D).
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prompt fading
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The Smeets et al. (1985) is generally about?
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Potty training infants using shaping.
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In the Smeets et al. (1985) article what were the three things the female research assistance did as the method?
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(a) carried out the training
(b) performed reliable checks (c) gathered the data |
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In the Smeets et al. (1985) article what were the four target behaviors?
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urination, defecation, reaching/grabbing and body signals.
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In the Smeets et al. (1985) article what was phase I? and when did this phase end?
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it was directed at establishing a close relationship between temporal body signals and the discharge of defecation on the potty.
after 18 defecation or 8-10 consecutive days of training. |
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In the Smeets et al. (1985) article what was phase II? and when did this phase end?
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Establishing a relationship between grabbing/reaching and urinating & defecation first by using body signal and directed to potty.
Terminated after 4-6 days. |
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In the Smeets et al. (1985) article what was phase III? and when did this phase end?
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Prompt fading with great distance between the child and the potty.
Terminated after 15-18 consecutive days of training and emission of urination and defecation in the potty was over 80. |
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What is stimulus response chain?
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Each behavior or response in the chain produces a stimulus change that acts as an S(D) for the next response in the chain.
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Why is it important to conduct a task analysis of a stimulus response chain?
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It provides the best response involved in the task analysis and the stimulus associated with each response.
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How do you use forward chaining and backward chaining to teach a chain of behaviors?
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1. Backward training: the learner receives a natural reinforcer in each learning trail.
2. Forward training: the learner doesn't complete the chain in every learning trail and artificial reinforcers are given. |
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What is total task presentation, and how does it differ from the chaining procedures?
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1. The complex chain of behaviors is taught in one single Trail.
2. The total task is completed in each trail. |
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What are the seven strategies for teaching behavioral chains?
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1. Forward Chaining
2. Backward Chaining 3. Total Task Training 4. Written Task Analysis 5. Picture Prompts 6. Video Modeling 7. Self-Instruction |
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A complex of behavior consisting of many component behaviors that occur together in a sequence is called ________.
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Behavior Chain
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What are the three different ways to conduct a task analysis?
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1. Observe a competent person performing the task
2. Ask an expert 3. Perform the task yourself and record your observation. |
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What is the chaining procedures?
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Strategies for teaching complex tasks (behavior chains).
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What are the three different chaining procedures?
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1. Backward chaining
2. Froward chaining 3. Total task presentation |
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What is graduated guidance?
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The process of teaching a chain of behaviors first through physical prompting, then gradually through shadowing then finally through no prompts to allow the learner to do it independently.
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What is the Neef et al. (1989) article about?
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Teaching self-catheterization skills to children with neurogenic bladder complications.
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Smeets et al. (1985): How is this shaping procedure for toilet training different from traditional procedures that place the baby on the toilet on a schedule?
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This procedure was geared towards using every infant's body signal as a stimulus to placing them on the potty compared to after every amount of a certain time the infant is placed on the potty.
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Neefs et al. (1989): What are three advantages of conducting "simulation" training?
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1. Minimizing embarrassment to the trainee
2. Permitting more frequent training opportunities than would be afforded by naturally occurring stimulus conditions. 3. Allows errors to be detected and corrected |
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Neefs et al. (1989): What type of design was used in this study? Why do you think this design was used?
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Probes assessing the children's performance
on each of the steps in the task analysis on the doll and on themselves were conducted before and after training on each skill component; probes were conducted in a multiple baseline design across both subjects and skill components. |
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Neefs et al. (1989): What do the four panels (see Figure 1) show for each child (i.e, what was the dependent variable)?
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1. Preparation
2. Mirror Usage 3. Catheter Insertion/ Removal 4. Clean-up |
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Neefs et al. (1989): Briefly explain the "doll" probes and the "in vivo" (self) probes.
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Probes assessing the children's performance
on each of the steps in the task analysis on the doll and on themselves were conducted before and after training on each skill component; probes were conducted in a multiple baseline design across both subjects and skill components. In vivo (self) probes were conducted after the doll probes to assess pretraining performance and generalization of training effects to self-administration of the catheterization procedure. |
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Neefs et al. (1989): According to the authors, what function did the doll serve in teaching self-catherization to these individuals?
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>>>>>
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Neefs et al. (1989): What are some potential disadvantages of simulation training?
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>>>>>>
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What is the definition of shaping?
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Modification of response topography through differential reinforcement of successive approximations to a target behavior.
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What are the four elements of a contingency.
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1. EO
2. SD 3. R 4. Sr+ |
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What do 2 things do EO do?
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1. Establishes something as a reinforcer
2. Increases the reinforcer (the behavior will happen again). |
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Shaping involves two processes:
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1. Differential Reinforcement
2. Extinction |
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What is differential reinforcement?
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Selective reinforcement of a particular response (R)
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What is extinction?
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Cessation of reinforcement for a previously reinforced response
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What are the 5 steps/ procedures for shaping?
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1. Define target R
2. Determine if shaping is needed (vs. differential Sr+ for existing R or instructions /prompting for new R) 3. Define initial R and intermediate topographies 4. Select reinforcer 5. Reinforce only closer approximations to target R |
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Delta indicates __________.
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Changes
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What is the definition of chaining?
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A sequence of Rs functionally linked to the same reinforcer and the terminal reinforcer.
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In chaining the two functions involved for each response is?
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1. Conditioned reinforcer (for the previous response)
2. Discriminative reinforcer (for the later response) |
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Define Forward Chaining.
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First link is taught initially; subsequent links are added from the beginning (front) to the end (back) of the chain
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Forward chaining retains the _______ _________ of performance.
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temporal order
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______ chaining is more effective than _____ chaining.
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Backward
Forward |
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Define Backward Chaining.
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Last link is taught initially, subsequent links are added from the back to the front of the chain
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In Backward chaining the ______ always follows _____ of the ______ link.
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Reinforcing Stimulus (SR)
Completion Terminal |
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____ _____ ______ is the most complicated way to teach a behavior chain and labor intensive.
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Total task presentation
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Define Total Task Presentation.
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Entire chain is taught simultaneously with assistance (graduated guidance) provided as needed
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Total task presentation: (1) allows for ____ _____ acquisition and (2) involves _____ _____ requirements.
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1. uneven response
2. greatest response |
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In Total Task Presentation the addition of ____ ____ is used.
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graduated guidance
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In Token Economy the tokens maintain their value as ___ ____ because they are regularly paired with the ____ _____.
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1. conditioned reinforcers
2. back-up reinforcers |
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The loss of tokens in the ____ ____ component will be effective as a _____ only after the ____ have been firmly ______as ______ ______ for participants.
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1. response cost
2. punisher 3. reinforcers 4. established 5. conditioned reinforcers |
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Token Economy: The problem behaviors must be identified as ____ _____ to be included in the response cost procedures.
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socially significant
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Fading changes the _______ while shaping changes the ______.
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stimulus
response |
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What was Poche et al.(1981) title?
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Teaching self protection to young children
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Poche et al. (1981): What procedures were used in the training setting to help facilitate generalization in the natural setting?
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the teacher brought the child out on the sidewalk,
as though going for a walk, and then left the child to return to the building for some fictitious mission. Each of the three lures was tested on a separate day. |
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Poche et al. (1981): What criteria were used to determine which individuals would participate in the experiment?
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Children who readily agreed to leave with the suspect
and thus appeared susceptible to the lure of an actual child molester were included in the study. |
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Poche et al. (1981): On what two dimensions were participants’ responses to potential molesters measured?
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1. Verbal statements
2. Child's movements |
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Poche et al. (1981): How were participants’ motor and verbal responses scored?
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The numbers indicate the safety rating
given each response, with the most appropriate combination of responses given a rating of 6 and the least appropriate given a rating of 0. |
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Poche et al. (1981): List the three components of training. In what way was reinforcement “differential?”
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1. Modeling, behavior rehearsal and social reinforcement.
2. Three lures were tested on separate days: Simple, Authority and Incentive. |
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Poche et al. (1981): Why was it especially important to include the generalization component?
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Prompt fading allows for behavior to contact natural reinforcement
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Poche et al. (1981): What suggestion did the authors provide for improving maintenance of the self-protection skills?
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"A 'booster' training might be conducted 2 or 3 months after formal training ends.
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Poche et al. (1981): What were the three different lures?
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1. Simple
2. Authority 3. Incentive |
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Functional Assessment is:
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Conducting an assessment of the three-term (ABC) contingency to determine the antecedent events that evoke the behavior and the reinforcing consequences that maintain it.
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What are the three ways to conduct a functional assessment?
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1. Indirect
2. Direct 3. Experiment (Function analysis) |
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How do we use indirect methods to conduct a functional assessment?
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Through interviews and questionnaires
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How do you use direct observation methods to conduct a functional assessment?
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Observing the (A) Antecedents, (B) Behaviors and (C) consequences.
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What is a function analysis of a problem behavior?
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Following the problem behavior with potential reinforcers to see which consequences increase (strengthen) the behavior, and/or you present different antecedent events (possible EOs) to see which ones evoke behavior.
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What is a disadvantage of using Indirect methods to conduct a functional assessment?
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The informants have to rely on their memory for the events.
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Direct observation assessment is also called:
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ABC observation
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The advantage/disadvantage of ABC observation:
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Advantage: Immediate recording of observation of the behavior's antecedent and consequences instead of recording from memory.
Disadvantage: Takes more time. |
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ABC observation do not demonstrate a _________ relationship, rather a _______ of the antecedent and consequences that are reliably associated with the problem behavior.
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functional
correlation |
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Three ways ABC observation can be conducted:
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1. Descriptive method
2. Checklist method 3. Interval method (real-time) |
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Indirect and direct assessment methods are categorized as _______ assessments.
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descriptive
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To demonstrate a functional relationship, the antecedent or consequence must be _______ to show their influence on the problem behavior.
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manipulated
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The three direct observation assessment methods are:
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1. Descriptive method
2. Checklist method 3. Interval or real-time method |
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Two ways to manipulating discriminative stimuli or cues:
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1. Eliminated the S(D) or cues for the problem behavior
2. Providing the S(D) or cues for desirable alternative behaviors |
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Two way to manipulating motivating operations:
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1. Presenting an abolishing operation for the reinforcer that is maintaining the problem behavior.
2. Creating a enhancing an establishing operation for the reinforcer that is maintaining desirable alternative behavior |
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Two ways to manipulating response effort:
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1. Increasing response effort for the problem behavior
2. Decreasing response effort for undesirable alternative behavior |
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Functional Interventions are approaches that:
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decrease problem behaviors and increase desirable behaviors by modifying the antecedent and consequent variables that control the behaviors.
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The three functional approaches to intervention for a problem behavior are:
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1. extinction
2. differential reinforcement 3. antecedent control strategies |
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What is an AO?
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Abolishing Operation: An event that decreases the potency of a particular reinforcer at a particular time and makes the behavior that produces that reinforcer less likely to occur.
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What is does DRO stand for?
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Differential reinforcement of other behavior.
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What is a S(D)?
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Discriminative Stimulus: The stimulus that is present when a particular behavior is reinforced.
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The DRO involves reinforcing the _____ of the problem behavior.
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absence
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DRO is a procured in which the reinforcer is delivered ______ intervals of time in which the ______ ______ does not occur.
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after
problem behavior |
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A S-delta is a stimulation that is ______ when a behavior is ____ _____.
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present
not reinforced |
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What was the Liberman et. al (1973) article title?
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Reducing Delusional Speech in Chronic Paranoid Schizophrenics
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Liberman et al. (1973): Two contingencies introduced in the intervention were:
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1. 10 minute interviews were terminated as soon as the patient began talking delusionally
2. The patients earned time for their evening chat by talking rationally during their daytime interviews. |
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Liberman et al. (1973): ______ contingencies were used to facilitate _______. ______ speech was the _____ ____ reinforced in a multiple baseline design.
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Social
generalization Rational response class |
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Liberman et al. (1973) used what type of experimental design?
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Multiple Baseline
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Sr?
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Reinforcer
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R?
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Response
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Severe behavior disorders interfere with 2 things:
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1. Normal Interaction
2. Appropriate behavior |
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Severe behavior disorder interfere with normal interaction in two ways:
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1. Prevent inclusion in programs
2. Hinder social relationships |
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Sever behavior disorders interfere with appropriate behavior in two ways:
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1. Prevent skill development
2. Poses a barrier to achievement |
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Severe behavior disorders: what are the 7 common topographies?
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1. SIB: Self-Injurious Behavior
2. AGG: Aggression 3. Property destruction 4. Elopement (running away) 5. STPY: Sterotypy 6. Tantrums 7. Noncompliance |
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Self-Injurious Behavior is defined as:
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Behavior that produces injury to one's own body
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SIB is prevalent ___ - _____% among severe profound ____ and _____.
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10-17%
mental retardation autism |
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Function of a function analysis:
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To identify the maintaining variables (sources of reinforcement) for a behavior.
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Learned Functions of Behavior Disorders:
Positive Reinforcement Social: ____ ____ ___ ____ Automatic: _____ _____ |
attention access to materials
sensory stimulation |
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Learned Functions of Behavior Disorders:
Negative Reinforcement Social: ____ ____ _____ Automatic: ____ ____ |
escape from demand
pain attenuation |
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What are the two things EO do?
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1. Alters the values of a consequence, establishes something as a reinforcer
2. Evokes behavior |
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3 Types of methods for conducting Assessments:
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1. Direct Assessment (verbal report)
2. Indirect Analysis (naturalistic observation) 3. Functional Analysis (experimental stimulation) |
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Iwata et al. (1994): General focus?
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To demonstrate an experimental approach to behavioral assessment
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Iwata et al. (1994): Specific aim?
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To identify contingencies that maintain SIB
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Impact of Functional Assessment changed in the treatment cultre in two ways:
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1. Focus shifted away from chemical & physical restraint
2. Increase in reinforcement based over punishment-based studies in the research literature |
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DRO stands for:
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Differential reinforcement of other behavior
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DRO (Differential reinforcement of other behavior) is:
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A schedule in which reinforcement is delivered for the nonoccurrence of the target R
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DRL stands for:
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Differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior
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DRL (Differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior) defined as:
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A schedule in which reinforcement is delivered if the target behavior does not exceed a certain value
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DRA stands for:
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Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior
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DRA (Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior) is defined as:
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A schedule in which reinforcement is delivered for the occurrence of an alternative R (Alt R)
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DRO disadvantages (2) and advantage (1):
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Disadvantages:
1. Does not specifically strengthen appropriate R 2. Failure to meet criterion for Sr could function as an EO (deprivation) and occasion target R Advantage: 1. Easy to implement |
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DRL advantages (2) and disadvantages (1):
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Advantages:
1. Does not require EXT 2. Maintains responding that is appropriate at a low rate Disadvantage: 1. Target R not eliminated, so DRL appropriate only if target is objectionable due to its high rate |
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Advantage of DRA:
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Advantage:
1. Replaces target R with Alt R Disadvantages: None |
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Liberman et al. (1973): General Focus:
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To apply operant procedures with behavioral manifestations of schizophrenia
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Liberman et al. (1973): Title:
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Reducing delusional speech in chronic
paranoid schizophrenics |
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Liberman et. al. (1973): Specific aim (2):
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1. To manipulate social consequences of paranoid speech
2. To assess generalization of treatment effects |
