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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe three features of bird bones which design them for flight?
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thin brittle cortices
wide medullas some pneumatised with air |
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What type of bone acts as calcium store?
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Medullary Bone
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What is the name for the avian mandible?
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Gnathotheca
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What is the name for the avian maxilla?
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Rhinotheca
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What is the Rhamphtheca?
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Gnathotheca + Rhinotheca
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What facial feature may be prone to infection?
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Sinus Infection: Large paranasal sinus which communicate with nasal cavity. Makes them light.
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What are the names for the two fused areas of vertebrae?
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The notarium (fused thoracic)
Th synscrum (fused thoracic, lumbar and sacral + caudal) |
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What marks the end of the spinal column where the tail attaches?
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The pygostyle
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What is the name for the avian sternum?
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The keel
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Where do the pectoral muscles attach for flight?
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The keel
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What makes up the thoracic girdle?
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Scapula (attached to ribs)
Clavicle (wishbone) Coracoid |
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What is the function of the coracoid?
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Supports the wing
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Define the pelvic girdle
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the synscarcrum, ilium, ischium and pubis
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How are the avian limbs modified?
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Tibia is fused to tarsus and metatarsal bnes
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What does pamprodactyl mean?
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Four digits
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What does zygodactyl mean?
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Two digits
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What does anisodactyl mean?
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Three digits
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What is the name for the feather tracts?
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Pterylae
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What is the name for a featherless tract?
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Apteria
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Describe the structure of a feather
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Hollow shaft and base and Vane containing barbs
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How many typse of feather are there?
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7
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What controls feather pigmentation?
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Melanin and Diet
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How often do birds moult?
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1-2times a year
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What is the name of the most important skin gland?
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Uropygial gland - secretes sebaceous material for feather protection and waterproofing
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How do birds handle changes in atmospheric pressure?
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Cannot close off the eustacian tube
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What is important about UV light?
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Part of the visual spectrum and needed for vitamin D synthesis.
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What is the flicker frequency of birds?
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200fps
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Which bird does not have a crop?
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Owl
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What do birds who eat whole prey produce?
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Cast
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What does the proventriculus do?
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First secretory stomach - acts mechanically to grind food
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What is the syrinx?
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Where the avian trachea bifurcates - modified cartilage capable of vibration
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How many air sacs do birds have?
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9
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Where does gas exchange occur mainly?
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parapulmonic bronchi
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What is special about bird red blood cells?
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Nucleated
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What is the lifespan of avian red blood cells?
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30-45day
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What is a heterophil?
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The most abundant leukocyte in birds
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What clinical condition may be associated with avian kidney problems?
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Lameness - spinal nerves and sacral plexus run through the kidney parenchyma.
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How many kidney divisions are there?
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3 Cranial, Middle and Caudal
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What kind of nephrons do birds have?
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Mammalian and Reptilian
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Where else can birds re-absorb water?
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Colon and caecae by reverse peristalsis
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Which ovary is functional in birds?
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Left
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Where can birds store sperm?
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Uterovaginal junction
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