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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the major contributions to medical illness and disease?
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psychological, behavioral and social factors
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Name some examples of psychological, behavioral and social factors contributing to illness and disease
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genital herpes,
AIDS, cancer, cardiovascular disease, pain, diabetes, respiratory disorders |
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Name the psychological approaches to disease
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behavioral medicine
health psychology |
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behavioral medicine
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prevention, diagnosis, treatment of medical illness
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health psychology
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psychological factors in promotion of health
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In what way does psychological and social factors influence medical illness?
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1. psychological factors can influence basic biological processes
2. long standing behavior patterns may put people at risk for disease |
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stress
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physiological response of an individual stressor and can vary from person to person
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General Adaptation Syndrome (Selye)
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a model that states the different phases of stress
1. Alarm response 2. State of resistance 3. State of exhaustion |
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What are the effects of chronic stress?
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may damage cells of the hippocampus which can block the HPA loop
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What does stress activate in the brain?
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sympathetic branch in the ANS
Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenalcortex axis, producing cortisol |
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What acts as neurotransmitters in the brain during stress?
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neuromodulators
neuropeptides |
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What was discovered about stress when baboons were researched?
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- high cortisol is associated with low SES
- low SES is associated with fewer lymphocytes + immune suppression -dominant males benefited from stability, controllability, and predictability |
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Name the divisions of the immune system
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humoral branch
cellular branch |
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humoral branch
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blood and other bodily fluids
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cellular branch
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protects against viral and parasitic infections, auto immune disorders
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What is the function of the immune system?
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to identify and eliminate antigens from the body
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Leukocytes
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primary agents in IS
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Macrophages
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body's first line of defense, destroy antigens, signal lymphocytes
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lymphocytes
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consist of B cells (humoral branch) and T cells (cellular branch)
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What is the time from initial infection to full blown AIDS?
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7.3 - 10 years
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What percentage of AIDS cases survive 5 years or longer?
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15%
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How can you reduce stress of AIDS?
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increase social support
reduce stress of diagnosis to improve immune system |
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Name the physical and behavioral contributions to cancer
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percieved lack of control
inappropriate coping responses overwhelming stress of life events lifestyle risk behaviors stress from chemotherapy |
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hypertension
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causes wear and tear of the blood vessels and can lead to stroke, heart disease, and kidney disease
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What is the most common type of hypertension?
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essential hypertension
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What contributes to hypertension
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salt
fluid volume sympathetic arousal stress lifestyle |
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Coronary Heart Disease
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blockage of the arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle
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angina pectoris
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chest pain from partial obstruction of the arteries
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atherosclerosis
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accumulation of artery plaque
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Ischemia
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deficiency of blood supply because of too much plaque
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Name the risk factors for CHD
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stress anxiety anger poor coping skills low social support and lifestyle
Type A personality |
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Type A personality
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time urgency
competitiveness job involvement |
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Acute Pain
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follows injury and heals within a month
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Chronic Pain
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does not decrease within healing and treatment
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Factors in Chronic Pain
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negative emotion - poor coping skills, low social support, compensation
social reinforcment |
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Gate Control Theory
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that in the spinal cord you have a control mechanism for pain. When you have negative emotions the pain will be larger
(Melzack) |
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Treatment of Physical Disorders
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Biofeedback: patient learns to control pain (headache and hypertension)
Progressive Muscle Relaxation Autogenic Relaxation Transcendental Meditation |
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Autogenic Relaxation
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focusing your mind on a certain part of your body
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Transcendental Meditation
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be aware of heart rate and breathing
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Types of Lifestyle behaviors that are of concern
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injury
AIDS smoking weight reduction |
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personality disorders
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enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and ones self that are exhibited in a wide range of social and personal contexts
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Name the predispositions of personality disorders
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inflexible and maladaptive causing distress and/or impairment
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Five Factor Model
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a model that patients are rated on each dimension
1. Neuroticism 2. Extroversion 3. Open to Experience 4. Agreeableness 5. Conscientiousness |
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DSM-IV-TR
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a type of model that puts personality disorders into clusters
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Cluster A
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odd or eccentric
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Cluster B
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Dramatic, emotional, erratic
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Cluster C
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Fearful or anxious
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What cluster has the most gender bias?
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B
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What percent of the population has a personality disorder?
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.5 - 2.5%
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Cluster A: Paranoid Personality Disorder
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pervasive and unjustified mistrust and suspicion
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What are the causes of Cluster A: Paranoid Personality Disorder
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contributions are unclear
could have been from learning the world is a dangerous place |
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What is the treatment for Cluster A: Paranoid Personality Disorder
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development of trust
cognitive therapy to counter negativistic thinking |
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Cluster A: Schizoid Personality Disorder
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Pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships with limited range of emotions in interpersonal situations
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What disorder resembles Cluster A: Schizoid Personality Disorder
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autism because of the social isolation
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What is the treatment for Cluster A: Schizoid Personality Disorder
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focus on value of interpersonal relationships, empathy, and social skills
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Cluster A: Schizotypal Personality Disorder
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social isolation
suspicious of others behavior and dress is odd magical thinking and ideas of reference |
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What does Cluster A: Schizotypical Personality Disorder lead to?
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schizophrenia and many are depressed
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What are the causes of Cluster A: Schizotypical Personality Disorder
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a phenotype of schizophrenia
thought to be a problem with the left hemisphere |
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What is the treatment for Cluster A: Schizotypical Personality Disorder
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developing social skills
address depression treatment is like schizophrenia treatment |
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Cluster B: Antisocial Personality Disorder
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failure to comply with social norms and violation of the rights of others
irresponsible, impulsive, and deceitful lack a conscience, empathy, and remorse |
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What are the precursors of Cluster B: Antisocial Personality Disorder
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early history of conduct disorder
families do not have a consistent way of punishing family history of criminal and violent behavior |
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Psychopathy
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another name for antisocial disorder
Factor 1: emotional detachment, lack of remorse, aggression, sadism, serial killers Factor 2- impulsive, reactive aggression, breaks the laws and norms |
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What are the neurobiological contributions of Cluster B: Antisocial Personality Disorder
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Under arousal theory
Cortical Immaturity Theory Fearlessness Theory Gray's Model Brain Damage |
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Under Arousal Theory
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because they have low levels of cortical arousal they seek thrills that achieve high cortical arousal levels
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Gray's Model
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there are three major brain systems
BIS, reward system, and fight/flight an imbalance happens in ASD |
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Cortical Immaturity Theory
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cerebral cortex is under developed
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What is the treatment for Cluster B: Antisocial Personality Disorder
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prevention and rehab
jail is used |
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Cluster B: Borderline Personality Disorder
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unstable moods and relationships
impulsivity fear of abandonment low self image self mutilation suicidal gestures |
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What is the most common personality disorder?
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Cluster B: Borderline Personality Disorder
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What are the causes of Cluster B: Borderline Personality Disorder
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early trauma
family history |
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What are the treatment options for Cluster B: Borderline Personality Disorder
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antidepressant medications
Dialectical behavioral therapy emotional regulation |
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Dialectical Behavioral Therapy
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targets self harm and some cognitive skills (overlaps with CBT)
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Cluster B: Histrionic Personality Disorder
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overly dramatic
sensational sexually provocative need to be the center of attention impulsive thinking is shallow females |
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What are the treatment options for Cluster B: Histrionic Personality Disorder
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focus on attention seeking and long term negative consequences
targets problematic interpersonal behaviors |
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Cluster B: Narcissistic Personality Disorder
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exaggerated and unreasonable sense of self importance
preoccupation with seeking attention lack of sensitivity and compassion for other people sensitive to criticism envious and arrogant aggressive toward threat |
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What are the causes of Cluster B: Narcissistic Personality Disorder
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failure to learn empathy as a child
sociological view of me generation |
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What are the treatment options for Cluster B: Narcissistic Personality Disorder
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focus on grandiosity, lack of empathy, unrealistic thinking
treats depression |
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Cluster C: Avoidant Personality Disorder
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extreme sensitivity to the opinions of others
highly aviodant of most interpersonal relationships anxious and fearful of rejection |
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What are the causes of Cluster C: Avoidant Personality Disorder
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early development - a difficult temperament produces early rejection
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What are the treatment options for Cluster C: Avoidant Personality Disorder
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social skills and anxiety
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Cluster C: Dependent Personality Disorder
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excessive reliance on others to make major and minor life decisions
unreasonable fear for abandonment tendency to be clingy and submissive in interpersonal relationships |
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What are the causes of Cluster C: Dependent Personality Disorder
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linked to early disruptions in learning dependence
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What are the treatment options for Cluster C: Dependent Personality Disorder
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focus on skills that require independence
progresses slowly |
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Cluster C: compulsive personality disorder
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excessive rigid fixation on doing things the right way
perfectionist orderly emotionally shallow |
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What are the treatment options for Cluster C: compulsive personality disorder
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focus on fears related to the need for orderliness, procrastination, and feelings of inadequacy
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