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207 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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(common) dissociative experiences are especially common when we are
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sleep deprived and under stress
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includes our conscious plans and desires and voluntary actions
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active mode to consciousness
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conscious registers and stores information in memory without being aware that the information has been processed, as if hidden observers were watching and recording events in peoples lives without their awareness
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receptive mode to consciousness
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most common dissociative experiences
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missing part of a conversation
being unsure whether you have actually carried through with something (brushing your teeth) |
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there are separate, multiple personalities in the same individual. the personalities may be aware of each other or may have amnesia for each other
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dissociative identity disorder
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dissociative disorders (4)
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dissociative identity disorder
dissociative fugue dissociative amnesia depersonalization disorder |
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the person moves away and assumes a new identity, with amnesia for the previous identity. there is no switching among personalities, as there is in DID
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dissociative fugue
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the person loses memory for important personal facts, including personal identity, with no apparent organic cause
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dissociative amnesia
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there are frequent episodes in which the individual feels detached from their mental state of body. the person does not develop new identities or have amnesia for these episodes
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depersonalization disorder
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dissociative disorders and the receptive and active modes of consciousness
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people with dissociative disorders may have chronic problems integrating their active and receptive consciousness...different aspects of consciousness do not communicate with each other in normal ways, but instead remain split and operate independently of each other
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vast majority of people diagnosed with DID are...
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adult women
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differences between males and females with DID
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males: more aggressive (29% of males with DID had been convicted of crimes, compared to 10% females)
females: more somatic complaints than males and may engage in more suicidal behavior |
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child alters
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-most common type of alter in DID
-young children who do not age as individual ages -c-hood trauma often associated with development of DID-->child alter may be created during traumatic experience to become victim of trauma while HOST escapes |
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persecutor personality
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-type of alter in DID
-inflict pain/punishment on other personalities by engaging in self-mutilative behaviors (burning/cutting self, suicide attempts) -may have belief that can harm other personalities without harming themselves |
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helper (protector) personality
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-type of alter in DID
-function=to offer advice to other personalities or perform functions that the host personality is unable to perform (engaging in sex, hiding from abusive parents) -sometimes control switching from one personality to another or act as observers who can report on thoughts/intentions of all the other personalities |
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behaviors of individual with DID
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-self-destructive behavior (often reason for seeking/taking treatment)
EX: self-burning/cutting, overdoses -3/4 ppl with DID have history of suicide attempts -90% ppl with DID report suicidal thoughts |
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behaviors of child with DID
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-school performance=erratic (sometimes very good, sometimes very poor)
-prone to anti-social behavior (stealing, fire-setting, aggression) -may engage in sex, abuse alcohol/drugs at early age -show many symptoms of PTSD (hypervigilance, flashbacks to endured traumas, traumatic nightmares, exaggerated startle response) -emotions=unstable...alternate btwn outbursts of anger, deep depression, and severe anxiety |
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differences between schizophrenia and DID
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people with DID do not show schizophrenic symptoms such as flat/inappropriate affect or loose/illogical associations
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DID-genetics
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-family history studies: DID runs in some families
-twin/adopted children studies: evidence that tendency to dissociate substantially affected by genetics -->perhaps, ability/tendency to dissociate as defense mechanism is biologically determined |
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treatment of DID
(goal, how) |
-GOAL=integration of all the alter personalities into one, coherent personality
-DONE BY: -identifying functions/roles of each personality -helping each personality confront/work through traumas that led to DID and concerns each one represents -negotiating with personalities for fusion into one personality who has learned adaptive styles of coping with stress -HYPNOSIS used heavily in treatment to contact alters |
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differences between dissociative fugue and DID
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-DF:individual actually leaves the scene of the trauma or stress and leaves their former identity behind, and does NOT switch back and forth between personalities (like in DID)
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DF : behaviors
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behave quite normally in new environment and new identity
-wont seem odd to individual that cannot remember anything from their past |
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DF more common among people who...
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-are highly hypnotizable (like DID)
-have histories of amnesia, including amnesias during head injuries |
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amnesia is considered either ______ or _______
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organic or psychogenic
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organic amnesia
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-caused by brain injury resulting from disease, drugs, surgery, accidents
-involved anterograde amnesia (inability to remember NEW information) -when due to organic causes, usually forget everything about past, but generally retain memory of their personal identities |
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psychogenic amnesia
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-arises in the absence of any brain injury or disease and is thought to have psychological causes
-RARELY involves anterograde amnesia -when psychogenic causes, generally lose their identities and forget personal information but retain memories for general information |
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retrograde amnesia
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inability to remember information from the past
-can have both organic and psychogenic causes |
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anterograde amnesia
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inability to remember new information
-most commonly associated with organic amnesia rather than psychogenic amnesia |
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dissociative disorders (4)
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dissociative identity disorder (DID)
dissociative fugue dissociative amnesia depersonalization disorder |
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in all dissociation disorders...
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people's conscious experiences of themselves become fragmented, they may lack awareness of core aspects of themselves, and they may experience amnesia for important events
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surveys of psychiatrists in the US and Canada find that
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less than 1/4 of them believe that there is strong empirical evidence that dissociative disorders represent valid diagnoses
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long-standing pattern of maladaptive behaviors, thoughts, and feelings
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personality disorder
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personality disorders are grouped into 3 clusters
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-cluster A: odd-eccentric
-cluster B: Dramatic-emotional -cluster C: anxious-fearful |
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cluster A of personality disorders
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-characterized by odd or eccentric behaviors/thinking
-each has some of features of schizophrenia, but people diagnosed with these are NOT psychotic *paranoid personality disorder *schizoid personality disorder *schizotypical personality disorder |
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cluster B of personality disorders
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-characterized by dramatic, erratic, and emotional behavior and interpersonal relationships
-people diagnosed with these tend to be manipulative, volatile, and uncaring in social relationships and prone to impulsive behaviors -may behave in wild and exaggerated ways and even engage in suicidal attempts to try to gain attention *antisocial personality disorder *histrionic personality disorder *borderline personality disorder *narcissistic personality disorder |
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cluster C of personality disorders
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-characterized by anxious and fearful emotions and chronic self-doubt
-have little self-confidence and difficult relationships with others -extremely concerned about being criticized/abandoned by others-->dysfunctional relationships *dependent personality disorder *avoidant personality disorder *obsessive-compulsive disorder |
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common features in personality disorders
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-misperception of self or others
-misperception of the intentions/motives of others -paranoid, fear abandonment -misperception of relationships with others--becoming too intimate or maintaining too much distance from others -inability to understand the emotions of other people--need that knowledge to guide own behavior -often view source of their problems as being external to themselves |
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problems/biases (gender and ethnic) in diagnosis of personality disorders
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page 426-428
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odd-eccentric personality disorders
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-behave in ways similar to behaviors of people with schizophrenia or paranoid psychotic disorders BUT retain their grasp on reality to a greater degree than people who are psychotic
-these disorders may be precursers to schizophrenia in some people or may be milder versions of schizophrenia -these disorders often occur in people who have FIRST-DEGREE relatives with schizophrenia |
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interactions with people with Paranoid personality disorder
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-acknowledge mistakes
-be open and honest -have a professional and not overly warm style -dont argue-supportive confrontation -set limits -clearly explain procedures, medications, and results |
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cognitive therapists' view of paranoid personality disorder
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result of an underlying belief that other people are malevolent and deceptive , combined with a lack of self-confidence about being able to defend self against others
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cognitive therapy for people with paranoid personality disorder
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focuses on increasing their sense of self-efficacy for dealing with difficult situations-->increasing their fear and hostility toward others
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schizoid personality disorder-genetics
-relatives -twin studies |
-increased rate of schizoid personality disorder in relatives of people with schizophrenia
-TWIN studies: personality traits associated with SPD (low sociability, low warmth) strongly suggest that these personality traits may be inherited BUT evidence for heritability of SPD is only INDIRECT |
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psychosocial treatments for schizoid personality disorder
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focus on increasing persons social skills, social contacts, and awareness of their own feelings
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cognitive therapies for schizoid personality disorder
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social skills training (role-plays with therapist, homework in which client tries out new social skills with other people)
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schizoid personality disorder
--interactions |
-understand their need for isolation
-minimize new contacts and intrusions -maintain a quiet, reassuring, and considerate interest in them -dont insist on reciprocal responses |
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distinguishing characteristics of schizotypal personality disorder
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oddities in cognition (4 categories)
*paranoia/suspiciousness *ideas of reference *odd/magical beliefs *illusions |
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symptoms of schizotypal personality disorder
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-oddities in cognition
-speech that is tangential, circumstantial, vague, or overelaborate -in interactions with others-may have inappropriate or no emotional responses to what other people say/do -BEHAVIORS-also odd--easily distracted or fixate on an object for long periods of time, lost in thought/fantasy MAINTAIN BASIC CONTACT WITH REALITY |
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schizotypal personality disorder-genetics
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-family history, adoption, twin studies: transmitted genetically to some degree, & is much more common in first degree relatives of people with schiz
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psychotherapy of schizotypal personality disorder
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-esp important for therapist to establish good relationship with client (bc clients usually have few close relationships with people and are usually paranoid)
-help client increase social contacts and learn socially appropriate behaviors through social skills training |
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cognitive therapy of schizotypal personality disorder
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teach client to look for objective evidence in the environment for their thoughts and to disregard bizarre thoughts
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dramatic-emotional personality disorders (characteristics)
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-engage in behaviors that are dramatic and impulsive
-often show little regard for own safety or safety of others |
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CORE feature of dramatic-emotional personality disorders
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lack of concern for others
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dramatic-emotional personality disorders (4)
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-antisocial personality disorder
-borderline personality disorder -histrionic personality disorder -narcissistic personality disorder |
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interactions with people with schizotypal personality disorder
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-similar to schizoid personality disorder
-misperceptions of physical symptoms and treatment -do not ridicule or judge -respect their need for privacy |
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antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)
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-pervasive pattern of criminal, impulsive, callous, or ruthless behavior
-disregard for the rights of others -no respect for social norms |
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people with ASPD are at an increased risk for ______ and ______
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suicide attempts (females) and violent death
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twin studies on ASPD
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concordance rate for antisocial behaviors is
50% in MZ twins 20% in DZ twins |
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adoption studies on ASPD
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criminal records of adopted sons are more similar to the records of their biological fathers than those of their adoptive fathers
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family history studies on ASPD
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family members of people with ASPD have increased rates of ASPD as well as increased rates of alcoholism and criminal activity
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contributors to antisocial personality disorder (p.438)
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genetic predisposition
testosterone serotonin ADHD executive functions arousability social cognitive factors |
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interactions with people with ASPD
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-set firm limits
-try not to be manipulated -have a high level of skepticism -be careful not to prescribe excessive/unnecessary medications |
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some benchmarks of borderline personality disorder
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-out-of-control emotions that cannot be soothed
-hypersensitivity to abandonment -tendency to cling too tightly to other people -history of hurting oneself |
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a key feature of borderline disorder
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instability
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low serotonin levels are associated with
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impulsive behaviors in general
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process associated with borderline personality disorder, in which people with the disorder tend to see themselves and other people as either all good or all bad and vacillate between the 2 views
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splitting
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instability in emotions and interpersonal relationships is due to ____ (borderline personality disorder
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splitting
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therapy for borderline personality disorder that focuses on helping clients gain a more realistic and positive sense of self, learn adaptive skills for solving problems and regulating emotions, and correct their dichotomous thinking
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dialectical behavior therapy
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psychodynamic therapy for borderline personality disorder
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-helping clients clarify feelings
-confronting them with their tendency to split images of the self and other -interpreting clients transference relationships with therapists |
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-rapidly shifting and unstable mood, self concept, and interpersonal relationships
-impulsive behavior -transient dissociative states -self-effacement |
borderline personality disorder
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-rapidly shifting moods, unstable relationships, and intense need for attention and approval
-dramatic, seductive behavior |
histrionic personality disorder
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interactions with people with borderline personality disorder
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-be aware of and anticipate defenses
-often regress -open and continuous communication with staff -stable and calm reaction -gently confront -set fair and consistent limits on acting out |
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differences between borderline personality disorder and histrionic personality disorder
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-HPD-want to be the center of attention
(in BPD-self-effacing in attempt to win favor from others) -HPD-simply want the attention of others (BPD-desperately cling to others in self-doubt and need) |
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similarities between borderline personality disorder and histrionic personality disorder
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-rapidly shifting emotions
-intense, unstable relationships |
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histrionic personality disorder-family history studies
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HPD clusters in amilies along with borderline personality disorder, ASPD, and somatization disorder
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histrionic personality disorder-psychodynamic treatments
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focus on uncovering repressed emotions and needs and helping client express these emotions and needs in a more socially appropriate manner
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histrionic personality disorder-cognitive therapy
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focuses on identifying clients assumptions that they cannot function on their own and help them formulate goals/plans for their lives that dont rely on the approval of others
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interactions with people with histrionic personality disorder
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-similar to borderline PD
-medical illnesses threaten their sense of attractiveness and self-image |
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-grandiose thoughts and feelings of ones own worth
-obliviousness to others needs -exploitative, arrogant demeanor |
narcissistic personality disorder
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similarities between histrionic personality disorder and narcissistic personality disorder
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-act in a dramatic and grandiose manner
-seek admiration from others -shallow in their emotional expressions and relationships with others |
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differences between histrionic and narcissistic personality disorders
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-NPD-rely on own self-evaluations and see dependency on others as weak and dangerous
-HPD-look to others for approval |
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people with dramatic-emotional personality disorders have histories of...
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unstable relationships and emotional experiences and of dramatic erratic behavior
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interactions with people with narcissistic personality disorder
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-handle criticism poorly
-become easily enraged -medical illnesses can be a blow to their self-esteem -reinforce that they are respected and appreciated -set limits on demanding behavior |
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characterized by a chronic sense of anxiety or fearfulness and behaviors intended to ward off feared situations
-in each disorder, person fears something different (but all nervous and unhappy) |
anxious-fearful personality disorders
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anxious-fearful personality disorders (3)
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-avoidant personality disorder
-dependent personality disorder -obsessive-compulsive personality disorder |
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pervasive anxiety, fear of inadequacy, and fear of being criticized
-->leads to avoidance of social interactions and nervousness |
avoidant personality disorder
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differences of avoidant personality disorder from:
1.social phobia 2.schizoid personality disorder |
1. APD-fear of MOST social situations
-general sense of inadequacy -DO NOT want to connect with others SP-fear of SPECIFIC situations in which will have to perform -no general sense of inadequacy -want to connect with others 2. APD-view self as inadequate SPD-withdraw from social situations, but DO NOT view selves as inadequate/ incompetent |
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interactions with people with avoidant personality disorder
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-have patience and understanding
-medical illnesses may be embarrassing -minimize new and unfamiliar staff contacts -respond with calm and reassuring demeanor -do not criticize them |
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-pervasive selflessness
-need to be cared for -fear of rejection -->leading to total dependence on/submission to others |
dependent personality disorder
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diff between avoidant personality disorder and dependent personality disorder
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-APD-anx about interpersonal interactions because of concern that will be CRITICIZED
-avoid relationships -DPD-anx about interpersonal interactions because of a deep need to be CARED FOR by others -NEED relationships to function |
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dependent PD-familial
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-runs in families (BUT is unclear whether due to genetics or to family environments)
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children with histories of........more prone to develop dependent PD
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-histories of anx about separation from their parents
-histories of chronic physical illness |
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dependent PD-frequency of seeking treatment
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frequently seek treatment (unlike many other personality disorders)
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-pervasive rigidity in ones activities and interpersonal relationships, including
-emotional constriction -extreme perfectionism -anx about even minor disruptions in ones routine |
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
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interactions with people with dependent personality disorder
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-respect their feelings of attachment
-be careful when encouraging a patient to change dynamics of an abusive relationship -when medically ill, may become frustrated that theyre not being helped -be active in the treatment planning |
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five-factor model
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says that any individuals personality is organized along 5 broad dimensions of personality
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five-factor model : Big 5 personality factors
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-neuroticism
-extraversion -openness to experience -agreeableness -conceitiousness |
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interactions with people with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
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-give precise and rational explanations
-value efficiency and productivity -medical illnesses create disruption in individuals work, orderly lifestyle, and sense of control -acknowledge importance of work, but point out how avoiding treatment may have harmful consequences -allow patient to control their care as much as possible -provide them with information -avoid power struggles -understand their need for order and control |
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personality disorders-not otherwise specified
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-passive-aggressive PD
-depressive PD -specific traits/behaviors (sadism or masochism) -patient with features or more than one personality disorder |
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between ___and__% of people over the age of 65 have psychological problems severe enough to qualify for a diagnosis and to warrant treatment
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10-20%
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subfield of psychology concerned with psychological disorders in late life
-try to understand psychological problems in older people in the context of the many biological, psychological, and social changes people undergo later in life |
geropsychology
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disorders that most often arise for the first time in old age
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cognitive disorders
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cognitive disorders (3)
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dementia, delirium, amnesia
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disorders that are characterized by impairment in cognition caused by a medical condition, substance intoxication, or withdrawal
-impairments in cognition include mem deficits, lang disturbances, perceptual distances, impairment in capacity to plan and organize, and failure to recognize/ identify objects |
cognitive disorders
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diagnosed when cognitive impairments appear to be result of nonpsychiatric medical diseases, substance intoxication, or substance withdrawal, but NOT when cognitive impairments appear ONLY to be symptoms of other psychiatric disorders such as schiz or dep
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dementia, delirium, amnesia
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most common cognitive disorder
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dementia
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dementia most commonly occurs when in life?
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later in life
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DEMENTIA:
-echolalia |
repetition of what they hear
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DEMENTIA:
-palialia |
repetition of sounds or words
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most common type of dementia/cause of dementia
-accounts for over 50% of all dementias |
alzheimer's disease
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progressive disorder in which neurons deteriorate resulting in the loss of cognitive functions (mem), judgment and reasoning, mvmt coordination, and pattern recognition
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alzheimer's disease
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disease (dementia) the predominantly affects the cerebral cortex and hippocampus which atrophy as the disease progresses
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alzheimer's disease
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brain abnormalities in alzheimer's disease (2)
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-neurofibrillary tangles
-neuritic plagues |
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neuritic plagues
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-brain abnormality in alzheimer's disease
-surrounded by deteriorating neurons that produce acetylcholine (neurotransmitter essential for processing mem and learning) |
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neurofibrillary tangles
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-brain abnormality in alzheimer's disease
-twisted remains of protein which is essential for maintaining proper cell structure |
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alzheimer's disease-familial history studies
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-25-50% of relatives of patients with AD eventually develop AD
-only 10% of family members of elderly people withOUT AD develop AD |
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ApoE4
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-defective gene in chromosome 19 associated with increased risk of late-onset AD responsible for THIS rare PROTEIN
-estimated to account for 45-60% of all cases of AD |
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second most common type of dementia
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vascular dementia
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vascular dementia
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-person must have symptoms or lab evidence of CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE
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-can occur after one large stroke or an accumulation of small strokes
-can be caused by high blood pressure and the accumulation of fatty deposits in the arteries which block blood flow to the brain -can be a complication of head injuries and diseases that inflame the brain |
cerebrovascular disease
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about ___% of stroke patients develop cognitive deficits severe enough to qualify for a diagnosis of dementia
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25%
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2 types of dementia
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-cortical
-subcortical |
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cortical dementia
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disorder affecting the cortex, outer portions or layers of brain
-alzheimer's and Creutzfeldt-Jakob=2 forms of cortical dementia mem ang lang difficulties (Aphasia) pronounced symotoms |
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subcortical dementia
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-dysfunction in parts of brain that are beneath cortex
-mem loss and lang difficulties not pressent/less sever than cortical Huntington's disease and AIDS dementia complex -changes in personality and attention span -thinking slows down |
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type of dementia caused by repetitive head injuries (boxing)
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dementia pugilistica
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most common medical conditions that can produce dementia (3)
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-Parkinson's disease
-HIV disease -Huntington's disease |
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__% of chronic alcohol abusers may develop dementia
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10%
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-degenerative brain disorder that can produce dementia
-1/100,000 people affected -primary symptoms = tremors, muscle rigidity, inability to initiate movement -results from death of brain cells that produce neurotransmitter dopamine |
parkinson's disease
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___% of people with Parkinson's disease develop dementia (over 8 years were followed)
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78%
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diagnosed when deficits and symptoms become severe and global, with significant disruption of daily activities/functioning
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HIV-associated dementia
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__ to __% of HIV infected people will develop dementia
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20-50%
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rare genetic disorder that afflicts people early in life, usually btwn ages of 25 and 55
-develop sever dementia and chorea (irregular jerking, grimaces, twitches) -transmitted by single dominant gene in chromosome 4 |
Huntington's disease
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dementia is typically...
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a permanent deterioration in cognitive functioning, often accompanies by emotional changes
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brains of _________ patients show neurofibrillary tangles, plagues made up of amyloid protein, and cortical atrophy
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Alzheimer's patients
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TRUE OR FALSE:
some drugs help reduce cognitive symptoms and depression, anxiety, and psychotic symptoms in some patients with dementia |
TRUE
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_____, _______, and _____ all play roles in vulnerability to dementia
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gender, culture, and education
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treatments for dementia
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medications
antioxidants behavior therapies |
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treatments for dementia : medications
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-Cholinesterase inhibitors (Donepezil)--help prevent breakdown of neurotransmitter ACETYLCHOLINE
-Memantine--newly approved med, regulates activity of glutamate -drugs that INCREASE DOPAMINE (for Parkinson's) **in all cases, drugs do not work for all patients and have only temporary effects |
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characterized by disorientation, recent memory loss, and a clouding of consciousness (cog disorder)
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delirium
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delirium is typically a signal of....
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a serious medical condition
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TRUE OR FALSE:
delirium can be temporary and reversible |
TRUE:
when delirium is detected and underlying medical condition is treated, delirium is temporary and reversible (longer it continues-->more likely that person will suffer permanent brain damage |
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______ is the strongest predictor of delirium, increasing the risk fivefold
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dementia
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onset of delirium
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can be either sudden or slow
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in amnesic disorders, only _____ is affected
HOW? |
memory
*person with amnesia impaired in ability to learn new information (ANTEROGRADE amnesia) OR to recall previously learned information/past events (RETROGRADE AMNESIA) |
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causes of amnesia
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can be caused by brain damage due to
-strokes -head injuries -chronic nutritional deficiencies -exposure to toxins (EX. carbon monoxide poisoning) -chronic substance abuse |
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3 of most common disorders among older adults
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-anxiety disorders
-depression -substance use disorders |
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-one of most common disorders among older adults
-up to 15% of people over age 65 experience this disorder |
anxiety disorder
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older people less likely to report ______ symptoms of depression, and more likely to report ________, ______, and _______symptoms of depression
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-less likely--psychological symptoms (depressed mood, guilt, low self-esteem, suicidal ideation)
-more likely--somatic problems, psychomotor abnormalities, cognitive impairments |
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many depressed elders show a _____________, consisting of loss of interest, loss of energy, hopelessness, and psychomotor retardation
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depletion syndrome
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~___% of people over 65 can be diagnosed with alcohol abuse or dependence, and ~___% can be considered heavy drinkers
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~2% alcohol abuse/dependence
~8% heavy drinkers |
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_____ to ____ older people with alcohol problems develop the problems over age 65
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1/3 to 1/2
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cognitive disorders only diagnosed when cognitive impairments appear to be the results of _____, _______, or ______...NOT_____.
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nonpsychiatric medical diseases
substance intoxication substance withdrawal NOT: psychiatric disorder |
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in Alzheimer's disease, plagues are most common in the _____, the _____, and the _____, all of which have roles in the memory process.
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hippocampus
amygdala cerebral cortex |
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3 types of eating disorders
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anorexia nervosa
bulimia nervosa binge-eating disorder |
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characterized by pursuit of thinness that leads people to starve selves
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anorexia nervosa
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characterized by cycle of binging followed by extreme behaviors to prevent weight gain (self-induced vomiting)
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bulimia nervosa
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characterized by regular binging but not engaging in behaviors to purge what they eat
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bing-eating disorder
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3 categories of sexual disorders
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sexual dysfunctions
paraphilias gender identity disorder |
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involve problems in experiencing sexual arousal or in carrying through with sexual act to point of sexual satisfaction
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sexual dysfunctions (most common, men and women)
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involve sexual activities that are focused on nonhuman objects, children, or nonconsenting adults, or suffering or humiliation
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paraphilias(less common than sexual dysfunctions, mostly experienced by men)
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involves belief that one has been born with the body of the wrong gender
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gender identity disorder (most uncommon)
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the urge to engage in any type of sexual activity
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sexual desire
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phase of sexual response cycle, which consists of a psychological experience of arousal and pleasure and the physiological changes known as vasocongestion and myotonia
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arousal/excitement phase
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the filling of blood vessels and tissues with blood
males-erection of penis females-clitoris enlarges, labia swells, vagina moistens |
vasocongestion
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muscular tension
during arousal phase of SRC many muscles of body become more tense, culminating orgasms |
myotonia
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phase of SRCycle in which excitement remains at a high but stable level
-pleasurable-some may try to extend this as long as possible before orgasm |
plateau phase
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in males, this period of the SRCycle follows ejaculation
-during-male cannot achieve a full erection and another orgasm until over |
refractory phase
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sexual dysfunction disorders (4)
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sexual desire disorders
sexual arousal disorders orgasmic disorders sexual pain disorders |
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sexual desire disorders
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people lack sexual desire
-hypoactive sexual desire disorder -sexual aversion disorder |
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person has had little desire for sexual activity most of their life
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generalized sexual desire disorder
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person lacks desire to have sex with their partner, but has sexual fantasies about other people
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situational sexual desire disorder
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_________is one of most common problems for which people seek treatment (sexual)
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low sexual desire
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sexual pain disorders
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Dyspareunia
Vaginismus |
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genital pain associated with intercourse
-rare in men -10-15% women report frequent pain during intercourse |
dyspareunia
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occurs only in women, involved involuntary contraction of muscles surrounding outer 3rd of vagina when vaginal penetration with penis, tampon, finger, speculum attempted
-5-17% women experience this |
vaginismus
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biological causes of sexual dysfunctions
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-medical conditions
-diabetes -other diseases (particularly in men-cardiovascular disease, multiple sclerosis, renal failure, vascular disease, spinal chord injury, injury of autonomic nervous system by surgery or radiation) -prescription drugs -in men -low levels of androgen -hormones, high levels of estrogen or prolactin -genital/urinary tract infections -in women -low levels of estrogen -vaginal dryness/irritation -injuries during childbirth |
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psychological causes of sexual dysfunctions
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-psychological disorders
-depression -anxiety disorders -schizophrenia -attitudes and cognitions -belief that sex is "dirty"/"disgusting" -performance anxiety |
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sociocultural causes of sexual dysfunctions
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-relationship problems
-lack of communication -differences in sexual expectations -conflicts unrelated to sex -trauma -cultural taboos against sex |
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treatments for sexual dysfunction
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page 591 (table)
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paraphilias (7)
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fetishism
sexual sadism sexual masochism voyeurism exhibitionism frotteurism pedophilia |
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involves the use of inanimate objects as the preferred or exclusive source of sexual arousal or gratification
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fetishism
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TRUE OR FALSE:
many people who have fetishes also engage in other atypical sexual practices, including pedophilia, exhibitionism, voyeurism |
true
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person gains sexual gratification by INFLICTING pain/humiliation on sex partner
-as primary form of sexual gratification |
sexual SADISM
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person gains sexual gratification by SUFFERING pain/humiliation during sex
-as primary form of sexual gratification |
sexual MASOCHISM
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sexual rituals in sadism and masochism (4)
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physical restriction (bondage etc)
administration of pain (whip, strangulation, inflicting pain on partner) hypermasculinity practices (aggressive use of enemas, fists, and dildos in sexual act) humiliation (verbally and physically humiliate partner during sex) |
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involves secretly watching another person undressing, bathing, doing things in the nude, engaging in sex
-primary form of arousal FOR DIAGNOSIS-->behavior must be repetitive over 6 months and be compulsive -usually men watching women |
voyeurism
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person obtains sexual gratification by exposing their genitals to involuntary observers who are usually complete strangers ("hanging out with his wang out")
-majority=men showing women their genitals -behavior often compulsive and impulsive -usually in public places (more likely to get caught) |
exhibitionism
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social learning theory for development of paraphilias
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larger environment of childs home and culture influence their tendency to develop deviant sexual behavior
-parents often use physical punishment on them and engage in aggressive, often sexual, contact with each other-->more likely to engage in impulsive, aggressive, perhaps sexualized acts towards others as grow older |
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________was a particularly strong predictor of PEDOPHILIA (study of 64 sex offenders with various types of paraphilias)
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childhood sexual abuse
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-therapy for paraphilias
-extinguish sexual responses to objects that person with paraphilia finds arousing (electric shocks when see/touch what arouses them) |
aversion therapy
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-therapy for paraphilias
-reduce persons anxiety about engaging in normal sexual encounters with other adults |
desensitization
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cognitive therapy for paraphilias
-most commonly used for what type of paraphilia? |
-predatory paraphilia (pedophilia, exhibitionism, voyeurism)
-EMPATHY TRAINING |
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empathy training
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used for predatory paraphilias (pedophilia, exhibitionism, voyeurism)
-getting offender to understand impact of behavior on victim and to care about it -5 components |
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rare condition in which child persistently rejects their anatomic sex and desires to be/insists they are a member of the opposite sex
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gender identity disorder of childhood
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transsexuals
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-DO NOT do it to gain sexual arousal (unlike transvestites), but because simply believe that are putting on clothes of the gender they really belong to
-some seek sex-change operations -some=asexual -some=heterosexual -some=homosexual |
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prevalence of transsexuals
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RARE!
~1 per 30,000 males ~1 per 100,000 females |
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biological theories of gender identity disorder
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-exposed to unusual levels of hormones prenatally-->influence later gender ID and sexual orientation by influencing HYPOTHALAMUS and other brain structures involved in sexuality
-SIZE of cluster of cells in HYPOTHALAMUS (bed nucleus of stria terminalis) different in transsexual males than in nontranssexual men, but CLOSER to SIZE found in WOMEN'S BRAINS (size of this cell cluster in hypothalamus may play role in GID, at least in men) |
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most theorists believe what about the contributors to GID? (what causes?)
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result of a number of BIOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL FACTORS (chromosomes, hormones, socialization) COMBINED
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causes of sexual dysfunctions
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most sexual dysfunctions probably have multiple causes, including biological causes and psychosocial causes
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spectatoring
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individuals closely monitor their own behaviors and feelings while engaging in sexual relations with another person
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stop-start technique
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used primarily to help men with premature ejaculations to control their ejaculations
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4 substance-related conditions
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substance intoxication
substance withdrawal substance abuse substance dependence |
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substances grouped into 5 categories
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central nervous system depressants
central nervous system stimulants opioids hallucinogens and phencyclidine (PCP) cannibus |
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experience of significant maladaptive behavioral and psychological symptoms due to the effect of a substance on the central nervous system
*perceptions change, may see/hear strange things |
substance intoxication
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experience of clinically significant distress in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning due to the cessation or reduction of substance use
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substance withdrawal
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diagnosis given when recurring substance use leads to significant harmful consequences
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substance abuse
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diagnosis given when substance use leads to physiological dependence or significant impairment or distress
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substance dependence\
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