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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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History
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The study of the past, particularly the written record and oral traditions passed down from generation to generation verbally.
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Prehistory
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The period before written history.
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BCE
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Before the Common Era, also Before the Current Era, the politically correct alternative to BC (Before Christ).
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Domestication
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Process where population of animals or plants becomes accustomed to provision and control by humans.
Uses - food, work, valuable commodities (wool, cotton, silk) |
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Hilly Flanks
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Area between two rivers, such as the Tigris and Euphrates in the Middle East. This area, Mesopotamia, was the location of one of the world’s first civilizations, and was the origin of the idea of irrigation. The people of this early civilization found it easy to divert water and form man-made rivers for irrigation, trade, and travel.
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Potsherd
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A historic or prehistoric fragment of pottery
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Hierarchy
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Arrangement of people and classes in a graduated series.
-Items in a hierarchy are thought of as "above, below, same level" as one another |
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Nubia
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A region in Southern Egypt along the Nile and in what is now northern Sudan.
Independent kingdom |
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Sinai
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A triangular peninsula in Egypt. It lies between the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Red Sea to the south, forming a land bridge from Africa to Southwest Asia.
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Fertile Crescent
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Crescent-shaped region in the Middle East (ancient Mesopotamia)
-Referred to as the "Cradle of Civilization" -Rich soil, crescent shape |
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Euphrates
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The western of two great rivers that define Mesopotamia (the other being the Tigris)
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invisible exports
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Mesopotamia's exports seem to have been of a perishable nature (many imports, no evidence of exports)
-Known exports: grain and cloth -Other possibilities: leather, fish, perfumed fats and oils, and possibly slaves |
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Uruk
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Uruk was an ancient city of Sumer and later Babylonia, situated east of the present bed of the Euphrates river, on the ancient Nil canal
Akkadian: uruk Sumerian: unug |
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cuneiform
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One of the earliest known forms of written expression.
Created by the Sumerians about 3000 BCE cuneiform writing began as a system of pictographs. Over time, the pictorial representations became simplified and more abstract. Cuneiforms were written on clay tablets, on which symbols were drawn with a blunt reed for a stylus. The impressions left by the stylus were wedge shaped, thus giving rise to the name cuneiform wedge shaped |
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lugal
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Sumerian for king; great man.
One of several Sumerian titles that the ruler of a city-state could bear (others are en and ensi) |
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en
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“lord/lady,” spouse of city-god
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ensi
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“governor,” on behalf of city-god
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Akkadian
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Semitic language spoken in ancient Mesopotamia.
Empire centered around city of Akkad |
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Sargon
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"The True King"
Akkadian king famous for his conquest of the Sumerian city-states in 24th/23r centuries BCE. Vast empire, ruled it for 150 years. |
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Naram-Sin
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Refers to 4 kings:
Naram-Sin of Akkad (Akkadian king): most famous Naram-Sin of Assyria (Assyrian king) Naram-Sin of Uruk (king of Uruk) Naram-Sin of Eshunna (king of Eshunna) |
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Gutians
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A tribe that overran southern Mesopotamia when the Akkadian empire collapsed
Sumerian sources portray them as a barbarous, ravenous people from the mountains |
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Amorites
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Semitic people who occupied country west of the Euphrates.
"westerners" ... know not prayers, eat raw meat, do not bury dead |
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Sumerian King List
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The Sumerian king list is an ancient text in the Sumerian language that lists kings of Sumer
Kingship handed down by the gods; could be passed from city to city |
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deluge
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Great flood sent by deity to destroy mankind.
ex: Noah's ark, Utnapishtim in the Epic of Gilgamesh |
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Shulgi
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Ur; second king of Sumerian Renaissance. Reigned for 48 years.
Revised scribal school. |
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Indo-European
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Anatolian languages.
assyrian sources, Hittite texts |
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Semitic
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Family of languages; includes Akkadian, Amharic, Arabic, Aramaic, Ge'ez, Hebrew, Maltese, Phoenician, Tigre and Tigrinya
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Manetho
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Egyptian historian/priest from Sebennytos
recorded Aegyptiaca (History of Egypt) His work is often used as evidence for chronology of reigns of pharaohs |
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Menes
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Egyptian king credited with founding the First dynasty, sometime around 3100 BC
Seen as founding figure; may be mythical - said to have inherited the throne directly from god Horus Credited with: 1. uniting Upper and Lower egypt 2. founding Memphis, established as capital of egypt -according to *Manetho* Menes reigned for 62 years and was killed by a hippopotamus |
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Djoser
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Best known pharoah of the third dynasty of egypt.
commissioned Imhotep to build step pyramid at Saqqara. |
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Cheops
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Pharaoh of Egypt's old kingdom
Reigned around 2589-25566 BCE 2nd pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty -Generally accepted as builder of the Great Pyramid of Giza |
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Hatshepsut
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Fifth pharaoh of the eighteenth dynasty of Egypt.
One of the most successful pharoahs (reigned around 22 yrs) |
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Kemit
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Native egyptian name of Egypt
Hieroglyph (kemet) |
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Deshret
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Formal name for the Red Crown of Lower Egypt and for the desert Red Land on either side of Kemet, the fertile Nile river basin
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Memphis
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Ancient capitol of Old Kingdom of Egypt from its foundation until 2200 BCE
-founding credited to Menes in 3100 BCE |
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Thebes
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City in Ancient Egypt, capital of Waset (the fourth Upper Egyptian nome)
Was capital of Egypt during 11th and 18th dynasty, although administration remained at Memphis |
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The Two Lands
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Upper and Lower Egypt
-Lower Egypt is north in Nile Delta -Upper Egypt is south United by menes but maintained regalia Pharaohs were rulers of the Two Kingdoms Upper and Lower egyptians speak different dialects and have different customs |
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pharaoh
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Title given to Egyptian kings of all periods.
Believed to be the incarnations of the god Horus in life, and Osiris in death |
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Giza
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a town in Egypt on the west bank of the Nile river
location of: -pyramids -Great Sphinx |
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hieroglyphics
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symbols represent a word (symbol for sheep is a picture of a sheep)
logogram Anatolian, Egyptian |
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dynasty
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A dynasty is a succession of rulers who belong to the same family for generations
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nome
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A subnational administrative division of ancient Egypt
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nomarch
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Semi-feudal rulers of Ancient Egyptian provinces
Serving as provincial governors, they each held authority over one of the 42 nomes sometimes hereditary, sometimes appointed by pharoah |
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Sinuhe
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A work of Ancient Egyptian literature
Narrative set in aftermath of Pharaoh Amenemhat I, founder of 12th dynasty of Egypt |
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Hyksos
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"foreign rulers"
Asiatic people who invaded the Eastern Nile Delta -this initiated the second intermediate period of egypt ruled for 108 years, forming the fifteenth and possibly sixteenth dynasties of egypt |
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Kadesh
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an ancient city of the Levant, located on or near the Orontes River
Controlled by egypt until the Hittite Empire took it during the 13th century BCE |
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Tell el-Amarna
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Extensive Egyptian archaeological site
-capital city built by Pharaoh Akhenaten (18th dynasty) -city was abandoned |
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Re
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Sun God
By 5th dynasty became major deity in ancient Egyptian religion Associated with falcon |
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Amun
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Patron deity of Thebes
Became one of the most important deities in ancient egypt |
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Aten
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The disk of the sun
Originally an aspect of Ra -became deity of religion of Amenhotep IV |
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millennium
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1,000 years
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class society
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Hierarchical distinctions between individuals and groups in society.
-grouped into classes based on economic position or ancestry |
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literacy
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the ability to read and write
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race
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the concept of categorizing humans into populations or groups on the basis of skin color, cranial or facial features, and hair texture
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culture
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all the ways of life including arts, beliefs and institutions of a population that are passed down from generation to generation
-includes codes of manners, dress, language, religion, rituals, norms of behavior such as law and morality, and systems of belief |
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Old Kingdom
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3rd millennium BCE - when Egypt attained its first continuous peak of civilization
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New Kingdom
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Egypt's most prosperous time and marked the zenith of its power
16-11th century BCE 18th,19th,20th dynasties of egypt |
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Intermediate Period
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1st, 2nd, 3rd - times when egypt was not as powerful
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Old Babylonian Period
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First dynasty of Babylonia; king lists each ruler as well as how long they reigned
-Hammurapi and his son |
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Sumer
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one of the earliest known civilizations in the world. It lasted from the first settlement of Eridu thru Uruk period until the rise of Babylon
-year round agriculture -division of labor -development of writing |
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Akkad
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The Akkadian Empire was an empire centered in the city of Akkad
The city of Akkad was probably situated on the west bank of the Euphrates; actual site never found |
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Assyria
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a region on the Upper Tigris river, named for its original capital, the ancient city of Assur
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Hammurabi
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the sixth king of Babylon. He became the first king of the Babylonian Empire, extending Babylon's control over Mesopotamia by winning a series of wars against neighboring kingdoms.[1] Although his empire controlled all of Mesopotamia at the time of his death, his successors were unable to maintain his empire
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Code of Hammurapi
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one of the first written codes of law in recorded history.
had laws governing many aspects of life, as well as price lists may have been just a document to show how great of a king he was |
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Babylon
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a city-state of ancient Mesopotamia
became powerful after first babylonian dynasty |
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Larsa
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an important city of ancient Sumer
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Marduk
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Storm-god
Late-generation god, patron deity of the city of Babylon Under Hammurabi Babylon becomes political center of Euphrates valley -at this time Marduk becomes head of pantheon |
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Tiamat
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Babylonian mythology - the sea, personified as a goddess and an embodiment of primordial chaos
in Enuma Elish, she gives birth to first generation of gods |
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Enuma Elish
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Babylonian epic of creation
about 1000 lines - 7 clay tablets Elevates Marduk (chief god of Babylon) above other mesopotamian gods |
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Shamash
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common Akkadian name of the sun-god and god of justice in Babylonia and Assyria, corresponding to Sumerian Utu.
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corvée labor (ilkum)
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Unpaid labor that Kings could compel peasants to do
-public works -agriculture on royal lands -military service |
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mësharum
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cancelling debts so people would go free
edict by King |
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mushkënum
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Free men but not royalty
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