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456 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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abduction
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movement of a body part away from a midline
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adduction
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Movement of a body part toward a midline
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Anatomic Position
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the universal position of the human body from which all body positions are described
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caudad
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toward the feet
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cephalad
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situated toward the head
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dorsal
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located posteriorly on the body relative to the coronal plane.
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frontal plane
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a plane parallel to the anterior surface of the body
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microscopic anatomy
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the study of tissue structure and/or cellular structure or organization
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pathophysiology
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the study of body functions of a living organism in an abnormal state
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prone
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lying face down
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active transport
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movement of a chemical by the use of energy through a gradient, such as a cell membrane, in concentration or electrical potential. This is opposite normal diffusion.
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antecubital fossa
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the anterior surface at the bend of the elbow
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basement membrane
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the non-cellular layer in the epithelial tissue that secures the overlying epithelial tissues
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centrioles
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organelles that are essential in cell division
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chromosomes
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structures containing DNA within the cell's nucleus. Human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes
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coelom
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a fluid filled body cavity that contains organs and connective tissue
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concentration gradient
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the difference in concentrations of a substance on either side of a selectively permeable membrane
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crenation
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shrinkage of a cell that results when too much water leaves the cell through osmosis
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cytoplasm
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a viscous liquid matrix that supports all internal cellular structures and provides a medium for intercellular transport. Also called protoplasm
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dendrite
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a component of the nerve cell that receives electrical impulses and conducts them toward the cell body
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diffusion
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movement of particles and solutes from an area of high concentration to low concentration
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diploid
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the two sets of 23 chromosomes, one set donated by each parent, found in all cells, except sperm and ova cells, which only contain a total of 23 chromosomes.
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electrolytes
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salt or acid substances that become ionic conductors when dissolved in a solvent (ie water). Chemicals dissolved in the blood
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endocytosis
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the uptake of material through the cell membrane-bound droplet or vesicle formed within formed within the cell's protoplasm
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endoplasmic reticulum
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a series of membranes in which proteins and fats are manufactured
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exocytosis
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the release of secretions from cells that have been accumulated in vesicles
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facilitated diffusion
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process whereby a carrier molecule moves substances in and out of cells from areas of higher to lower concentration
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filtration
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a process of movement of water out of plasma across the capillary membrane into the interstitial space
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girdles
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bony belts that attach the limbs to the body
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Golgi Complex
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a set of membranes in the protoplasm involved in the formation of sugars and complex proteins
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haploid
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sperm or egg cell (23 chromosomes)
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hydrostatic pressure
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blood pressure in the vessel walls created by the heart beating pushes the water out of the capillary into the interstitial space
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HHNC
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Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic nonketotic Coma- a diabetic emergency that occurs from a relative insulin deficiency, resulting in marked hyperglycemia but there is an absence of ketones and acidosis
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Hypertonic
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a solution with an osmotic pressure greater than that of body fluid (a cell placed in the solution will shrink)
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hypotonic
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a solution with an osmotic pressure less than that of body fluid (a cell placed in the solution will swell)
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ICF
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intracellular fluid where most of the body's supply of potassium is contained
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ion channel
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protein-lined pores or transport channels, specifically sized for each substance, which allow for electrolyte movements among the cells
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mediastinum
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the space between the lungs, in the center of the chest, that contains the heart, trachea, mainstem bronchi, part of the esophagus, and large blood vessels
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microtubules
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hollow filamentous structures that make up various components of the cell
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myoclonus
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abnormal and persistent muscle spasms
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neuroglia
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collectively, the name for the connective and supporting tissues of the nervous tissue
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neuron
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the main functional unit of the nervous system
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nonstriated
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smooth muscle tissue
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nucleoli
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rounded, dense structures in the protoplasm that contain RNA and synthesize proteins
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oncotic force
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an opposing pressure to hydrostatic pressure. It pulls water back into the capillary from the interstitial space in an effort to create balance
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osmosis
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the movement of a solvent, such as water, from an area of LOW solute concentration to one of HIGH concentration through a selectively permeable membrane to equalize concentrations of a solute on both sides of the membrane
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osmotic pressure
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the measure of the tendency of water to move by osmosis across a membrane
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oxidative metabolism
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(aerobic) process in which oxygen is used chemically to produce energy from carbohydrates
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pericardial effusion
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an abnormal accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac
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pericardial tamponade
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a condition that occurs as fluid accumulates around the heart which restricts the heart's stroke volume
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periosteum
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the membrane that covers the bones of the skull and all other bones, except at joints
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peripheral nerves
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the nerves that extend from the brain and the spinal cord to various parts of the body by exiting between the vertebrae of the spine
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phagocytosis
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endocytosis involving solid particles
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pinocytosis
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endocytosis involving liquid
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pleural effusion
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an abnormal accumulation of fluid within the pleural cavity
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popliteal fossa
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the space behind the knee
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remodeling
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replacing dead cells with new cells on an ongoing basis
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retroperitoneal organs
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the organs (the kidneys, pancreas, duodenum, and major vessels in the retroperitoneal space
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ribosomes
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organelles that contain RNA and protein
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serum osmolality
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the number of osmotically active particles in serum
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Na K exchange pump
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a mechanism that uses active transport to move sodium out of the cells and potassium into the cells
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solutes
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particles. such as salts, that are dissolved in a solvent
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spindle fibers
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microtubules radiating from the centrioles
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acromioclavicular separation
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one or more torn ligaments in the AC joint, resulting in a separated shoulder
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alveolar ridge
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the ridges between the teeth, which are covered with thickened connective tissue and epithelium
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anulus fibrosus
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a ring of fibrous or fibrocartilaginous tissue that is part of the intervertebral disk
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appositional growth
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the formation of new bone on the surface of a bone
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auditory ossicles
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the bones that function with hearing and are located deep within the cavities of the temporal bone. malleus, incus, stapes
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blowout fracture
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a fracture to the floor of the orbit usually caused by a blow to the eye
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bursa
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a small fluid filled sac that cushions and protects the joint
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callus
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the zone of repair in which a mass of exudates and connective tissue forms around a break in a bone and converts to bone during healing
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canaliculi
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a minute canal in a bone
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cancellous bone
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a bone that is made up of a lacy network of bony rods
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carpal tunnel syndrome CTS
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compression of the median nerve within the wrist
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central disk herniation
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the most serious disk rupture that occurs when nuclear material protrudes straight back into the spinal cord, possibly resulting in permanent loss of bladder and bowel control
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chondroblast
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a cell that produces cartilage
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costochondritis
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inflammation of the costocartilage, which attaches the ribs to the sternum
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cribriform plate
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a horizontal bone perforated with numerous foramina for the passage of the olfactory nerve filaments from the nasal cavity
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dentin
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the principle mass of the tooth, which is made up of a material that is much stronger than bone
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crista galli
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a prominent bony ridge in the center of the anterior fossa of the cribriform plate to which meninges are attached
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endochondral growth
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the growth of cartilage in the epiphyseal plate, which is eventually replaced by bone
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endosteum
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the lining of an inner surface of a long bone
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epicondylitis
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tennis elbow- an inflammation of the muscles of the elbow joint
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facet
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a smooth, flat circumscribed anatomic surface of a bone
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fibroblast
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a cell that secretes proteins and collagen to form connective tissue between broken bone ends
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glenoid fossa
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the part of the scapula that forms the socket in the shoulder
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greenstick fracture
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an incomplete fracture in which the bone is bent and only the outer arc of the bend is broken.
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haversian system
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a unit of compact bone consisting of a tube (haversian canal) with the laminae of bone that surrounds it
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hydroxyapatite
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a mineral compound containing calcium and phosphate that, along with collagen, comprises the structural element of the bone
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hyoid bone
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the bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue and its muscles
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lacuna
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one of the minute cavities in bone or cartilage occupied by osteocytes
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lambdoid suture
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the point where the occipital bones attach to the parietal bones
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lamellae
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thin sheets or layers into which bone tissue is organized
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medullary cavity
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the internal cavity of the diaphysis of a long bone that contains bone marrow
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metaphysis
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the area of a long bone where the diaphysis and epiphysis converge
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osteoblast
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bone forming cell
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osteoclast
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large, multi-nucleated cell that dissolve bone tissue and play a large role in bone remodeling
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osteocyte
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an osteoblast that becomes surrounded by a bony matrix
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osteogenisis imperfecta
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a genetic disorder in which the patient lacks sufficient collagen for proper strength of the bones
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osteomyelitis
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an inflammation of the bone usually resulting from bacterial infection
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osteon
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unit within the compact bone in which blood vessels are located; also called the haversian system
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palatine bone
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an irregularly shaped bone found in the posterior part of the nasal cavity
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pedicle
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the foot of each vertebra in the vertebral arch
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physis
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the major site of bone elongation; also called the growth plate
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rami
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the posterior vertical parts of the lower jaw that join the mandible
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rickets
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an uncommon disease of vitamin d deficiency. mostly in peds.
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sella turcica
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a depression in the middle of the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located
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trabeculae
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bony rods that make up cancellous bone and are oriented to increase weight bearing capacity of long bones
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actin myofilament
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a cellular protein found in myofilaments
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action potential
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a change in electrical potential that occurs when a cell or tissue has been activated by a stimulus
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adductor brevis
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the short muscle that adducts the thigh
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adductor longus
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the long muscle that adducts the hips
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Bell's palsy
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a condition caused by trauma or infection to the facial nerve, resulting in an inability to move the facial muscles on the affected side
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calmodulin
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an intracellular protein that calcium binds to, resulting in muscle contraction
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compartment
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an anatomic space within the body that is enclosed by a fascia
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compartment syndrome
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an accumulation of blood or fluid in an anatomic compartment, typically following trauma, resulting in compression of blood vessels and tissue damage secondary to ischemia and, if not recognized and properly treated, death of muscle and loss of limb
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endomysium
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the delicate connective tissue surrounding individual muscle fibers
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fascia
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a fibrous connective tissue outside the epimysium that separates individual muscles
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intercalated disks
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branching fibers in cardiac muscle that allow action potentials to pass from cell to cell
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muscle fasciculus
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a bundle of muscle cells boud together by connective tissue and forming one of the constituent elements of a muscle
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myofibrils
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threadlike structures that extend from one end of the muscle fiber to the next
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myofilaments
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the individual protein filaments, actin and myosin
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myoglobin
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an iron containing red pigment, similar to hemoglobin, found in muscle cells
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neurotransmitter
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a chemical substance that transmits a nerve impulse across a synapse
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perimysium
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the connective tissue sheath that surrounds the muscle and forms sheaths for the bundles of muscle fibers.
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sarcomeres
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any of the repeating structural units
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sarcoplasmic reticulum
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a system of membranes that transport materials in muscle cells
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scalene muscles
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muscles of respiration that elevate the first two ribs during inspiration
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thompson's test
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a test used to evaluate the integrity of the achille's tendon fo possible rupture
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Yergason's test
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Supination of the forearm against resistance to evaluate whether a patient has bicipital tendinitis
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agranulocytes
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leukocytes that lack granules including Monocytes(1st line of defense w/ macrophages in the inflammatory process. Monocytes migrate out of the blood and into the tissues in response to an infection) and lymphocytes (originate in bone marrow but migrate through the blood to the lymphatic tissues)
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alpha effect
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stimulation of alpha receptors that result in vasoconstriction
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antibodies
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proteins within plasma that react with antigens
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antigens
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substances on the surface of erythrocytes that are recognized by the immune system
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arteriosclerosis
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the deposition of calcium in the arterial walls that result in a loss of elasticity and comcomitant reduction in blood flow
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afterload
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the pressure in the aorta against which the left ventricle must pump blood
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atherosclerosis
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a disorder characterized by the formation of plaques and materials, mostly lipids and cholesterol ON the inner arterial walls
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baroroceptors
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pressure sensors in the blood vessels, kidneys brain, and heart
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basophils
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the least common of all granulocytes, important in both allergic and inflammatory reactions
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beta effect
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a stimulation of beta receptors resulting in increased, inotropic, dromotropic, and chronotropic effects
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bruit
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an abnormal "whooshing" sound indicating chaotic blood flow within a blood vessel
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cardiac tamponade
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a life threatening state of shock that develops as a result of large pericardial effusion
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carotid sinus
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a slight dilatation in the carotid bifurcation that contains structures that are important in the regulation of blood pressure(chemoreceptors and baroreceptors)
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chemoreceptors
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receptors in the blood vessels (carotid sinus, aortic arch), kidneys, brain, and heart
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circle of willis
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an interconnection of the anterior cerebral arteries and the anterior communicating artery, which forms an important role of collateral circulation to the brain
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conductivity
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the ability of cardiac cells to conduct electrical impulses
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contractility
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the strength of heart muscle contraction
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coronary sinus
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veins that collect blood that is returning from the walls of the heart
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cusps
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the flaps that comprise the heart valves
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depolarization
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the process of electrical discharge and flow of electrical activity from a cell
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diapedesis
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a process whereby leukocytes leave blood vessels to move toward tissue where they are needed most
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dromotropic state
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related to the control of the heart's conduction rate
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endocarditis
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infection of the heart valve
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eosinophils
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granulocytes that contain granules that stain bright red with acidic stain, eosin, and function in the body's ALLERGIC response
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epinephrine
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a naturally occuring hormone with greater stimulatory effect on beta cells, also a cardiac drug
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erythroblastosis fetalis
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a serious condition that results when a pregnant woman's blood type is incompatible with the fetus' blood and antibodies from the mother enter the fetal circulation and destroy the fetus' RBC's
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erythropoiesis
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the process by which red blood cells are made
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excitability
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a property of cardiac cells that provides the cells with the ability to respond to electrical impulses
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fibrin
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a white insoluble protein formed in the clotting process
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granulocytes
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a type of leukocyte that has large cytoplasmic granules that are easily seen with a light microscope. (Neutrophils-destroy bacteria, Eosinophils-functions in ALLERGIC response, Basophils- least common, play a role in Allergic and Inflammatory
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heparin
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a substance found in large amounts in basophils that inhibits blood clotting
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hepatic portal system
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a specialized part of the venous system that drains blood from the liver, stomach, intestines, and spleen.
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histamine
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a substance found in large amounts in basophils that increases tissue inflammation
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inotropic state
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related to the strength of the heart's contraction
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ischemia
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insufficient oxygen at a particular tissue site associated with obstruction of arterial blood flow to the site
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lymphocytes
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the smallest agranulocytes, the originate in the blood marrow but migrate through the blood to the lymphatic tissue
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macrophages
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cells that are responsible for protecting the body against infection
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mesenteric angina
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pain caused by partial occlusion of the mesenteric artery from atherosclerosis
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mesenteric infarction
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blockage of a portion of the mesenteric artery resulting in necrosis of a portion of the bowel
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neutrophils
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one of three types of granulocytes have multi-lobed nuclei that resemble a string of baseballs held together by a thin strand of thread they DESTROY BACTERIA, ANTIGEN_ANTIBODY COMPLEXES< and FOREIGN MATTER
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norepinephrine
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a naturally occuring hormone with a greater stimulatory effect on Alpha Receptors
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monocytes
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agranulocytes that migrate out of the blood and into the tissues in response to an infection
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pericardial effusion
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a condition often caused by trauma in which the pericardial sac fills with too much fluid, hampering the hearts ability to expand and contract properly
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pericardiocentesis
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a life saving procedure to correct cardiac tamponade, a needle is inserted into the pericardial sac to remove excess fluid
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phlebitis
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inflammatory condition involving veins, often associated with thrombus formation within the vein
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plasmin
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an enzyme that dissolves the fibrin in blood clots
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polarized cell
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the state of the resting cell, which normally has a net negative charge with respect to the outside of the cell
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Raynaud's phenomenon
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spasms that develop in the digital arteries particularly following emotional stress or cold exposure, resulting in white or cool fingerprints
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rheumatic fever
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an acute condition that affects children and young adults and may result in permanent damage to the aortic and mitral valves
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saphenous vein
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the longest vein in the body, it drains the leg the thigh and the dorsum of the foot
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sinusoids
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a part of the hepatic portal system in which blood collect in the liver and the liver cells extract nutrients from the blood, filter the blood, and metabolize various drugs
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sodium potassium pump
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a molecular (ion-transporting) mechanism whereby sodium is actively moved out of a cell and potassium is moved in
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thrombi
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blood clots
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thrombin
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an enzyme that causes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, which binds to the platelet plug
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anaphylaxis
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a severe reaction to an antigen that occurs after sensitization from a prior exposure to the same antigen
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antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity
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one of two types of specific immunity that exist in the body, it is primarily mediated by B cells; also called humoral immunity
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antigen
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a substance foreign to the body
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axillary nodes
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a large collection of lymh nodes located in the armpit
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basophil
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a white blood cell that may play a role following infection of various areas of the body
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CD4 Antigen
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a protein found on the surface of T helper cells that is adversely affected by exposure to HIV
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cell-mediated immunity
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one of two types of specific immunity that exists in the body, it is primarily mediated by T cells
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chemotaxis
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the process of the migration of leukocytes in the blood toward areas of bacterial invasion, foreign body, or infection
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diffuse lymphatic tissue
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tissue with no clear boundary that blends with surrounding tissues and contains lymphocytes and other cells
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e coli
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Escherichia coli, normal flora or bacteria found in the gastrointestinal tract that aids in digestion and absorption of food, as well as metabolization of waste products
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eosinophil
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a leukocyte that may play a role following infection in various parts of the body
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hapten
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a small molecule that will not evoke a specific immune response unless it is combined with other serum proteins, in which case, a severe reaction
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lymph
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a thin plasma-like liquid formed from interstitial or extracellular fluid that bathes the tissues of the body
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lymphadenitis
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inflammation of a lymph node caused by infection
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lymphadenopathy
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any swelling of lymph nodes with or without pain
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lymphangitis
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an infection that spreads beyond the local area into a lymphatic vessel causing red streaks to run from the the infected area proximally
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lymphatic duct
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one of two great lymph vessels it empties into the subclavian vein
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lymphokines
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complex proteins produced by T effector cells that recruit mast cells and other nonspecific inflammatory mediators to aid in destruction of antigens
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macrophages
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cells that leave the blood and enter diseased tissues after the neutrophils and are responsible for the later stages of fighting infection, including the disposal of dead bacteria
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mast cell
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a large white blood cell that mediates allergic reactions and play a roll following infection of various areas in the body
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metastasize
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the spreading of a desease from one part of the body to another, especially w/ cancer
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neutrophils
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usually the first cells to enter the infected tissues, they ingest materials through phagocytosis
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nonspecific immunity
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an immune response that is predictable each time the body is exposed to a particular challenge
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specific immunity
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the immune response to a given substance that is faster and stronger after each subsequent exposure
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T effector cells
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the cells that carry out most of the cell mediated immune functions by seeking and destroying foreign materials, such as viruses, fungi, bacteria, and particles
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T Helper cells
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cells that aid the T effector cells in carrying out cell-mediated immune functions
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T memory cells
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the form into which T cells differentiate when activated by an antigen, The T memory cells remain within the body, ready to respond to a second challenge
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T-suppressor cells
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cells that suppress the actions of the T effector cells by limiting the specific immune response
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thoracic duct
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one of two great lymph vessels, it empties into the superior vena cava
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carina
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the projection of the lowest portion of the trachea
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conchae
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three bony ridges contained within the lateral walls of the nasopharynx
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diffusion (respiratory)
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the process by which a gas dissolves in a liquid
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hilum
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the point of entry for the bronchi, vessels and nerves into each lung
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lingula
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the small portion of the left lung that is equivalent of the middle lobe in the right lung
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pleura
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membranes of connective tissue that cover the lungs and line the inner borders of the rib cage
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primary respiratory acidosis
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decrease in the blood pH secondary to insufficient exhalation of CO2
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primary respiratory alkalosis
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increase in the blood pH secondary to excessive exhalation
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respiratory center
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the part of the brain located in the medulla oblongata that controls respiratory stimulus
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spirometer
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a device used in pulmonary function testing that measures air entering and leaving the lungs over a specific period of time
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vital capacity
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the amount of air moved in and out of the lungs with maximum inspiration and exhalation
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acetylcholine
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a neurotransmitter secreted by the autonomic nervous system
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|
acetylcholinesterase
|
an enzyme that rapidly destroys acetylcholine once it reaches target tissues
|
|
|
adrenergic
|
description of a neuron that secretes the neurotransmitter norepinephrine
|
|
|
afferent (sensory) nerves
|
nerves that carry impulses from the body to the brain
|
|
|
Ascending RAS
|
several structures located throughout the brain stem that are responsible for maintenance of consciousness
|
|
|
basal ganglia
|
structures located deep within the cerebrum, diencephalon, and midbrain that play an important role in coordination of motor movements and posture
|
|
|
beta-blocker
|
a common class of cardiac drugs that blocks beta effects, causing a decrease in the workload of the heart by reducing the speed of contraction as well as reducing blood pressure
|
|
|
brachial plexus
|
the plexus of spinal nerves that consists of nerves C5 to T1 and innervates the shoulder and upper extremity
|
|
|
cerebellar peduncles
|
one of three bands of nerve fibers through which the cerebellum communicates with other regions of the cns
|
|
|
cholinergic
|
description of a neuron that secretes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
|
|
|
corticospinal tracts
|
ascending fiber tracts that coordinate movements, especially of the hands
|
|
|
cranial nerves
|
the 12 pairs of nerves that arise from the base o the brain
|
|
|
curare
|
an agent that blocks transmission of neural motor impulses at the neuromuscular junction
|
|
|
efferent (descending) nerve fibers
|
fibers that carry motor impulses from the brain to the fibers of the peripheral nervous system
|
|
|
frontal lobe
|
the portion of the brain that is responsible for voluntary motor actions and personality traits
|
|
|
ganglia
|
a collection of nerve body cells located outside the CNS
|
|
|
ganglionic synapse
|
a separation between two nerves (preganglionic and postganglionic neurons), in a series between the CNS and the organs innervated
|
|
|
gyri
|
the numerous folds in the cerebrum, which greatly increase the surface area of the cortex
|
|
|
hypothalamus
|
the most inferior portion of the diencephalon, it s responsible for the control of many bodily functions, including heart rate, digestion, sexual development, temperature regulation, emotion, hunger, thirst, and regulation of the sleep wake cycle
|
|
|
limbic system
|
structures within the cerebrum and diencephalon that influence emotions, motivation, mood, and sensations of pain and pleasure
|
|
|
medulla
|
the inferior portion of the midbrain which serves as a conduction pathway for both ascending and descending nerve tracts
|
|
|
muscarinic receptors
|
receptors at the target tissue that are stimulated by acetylcholine and can also be stimulated in the laboratory by stimulation of muscarine mushrooms
|
|
|
myelin sheath
|
a membrane formed by schwann cells which covers the axons of certain (white) neurons
|
|
|
neuroeffector cells
|
the target tissues of the autonomic system
|
|
|
neuroglia
|
one of two basic types of neural tissue, neuroglia support, protect, defend, and aid in the repair of nervous tissue
|
|
|
neurotransmitter
|
chemicals produced by the body that stimulate electrical reacton in adjacent neurons
|
|
|
oculomotor nerve (III)
|
the cranial nerve that innervates the muscles that cause motion of the eyeballs and upper lid
|
|
|
parietal lobe
|
the portion of the brain that is the site for reception and evaluation of most sensory information
|
|
|
plexus
|
an organized intermingling formed by several nerves
|
|
|
proprioception
|
information about he body's position and it's parts in relation to itself, to one another and the pull of gravity
|
|
|
spinal reflex arcs
|
automatic reactions to stimuli that occur without conscious thought
|
|
|
substantia nigra
|
a layer of gray matter located in the midbrain, lt makes dopamine. People who have substantia nigra dysfunction will get Parkinson's/
|
|
|
sulci
|
grooves located between the gyri in the cerebrum
|
|
|
sympathetic pathway
|
part of ANS responsible for the body's response to stress and shock
|
|
|
temporal lobe
|
the portion of the brain that plays an important role in hearing and memory
|
|
|
thalamus
|
the part of the diencephalon that processes most sensory input and influences mood and general body movements, especially those associated with fear and rage
|
|
|
vagus nerve
|
the cranial nerve (X) that provides motor functions to the soft palate, pharynx, and larynx ............. PARASYMPATHETIC STIMULATION
|
|
|
ampulla of Vater
|
opening in the duodenum into which the common bile duct and pancreatic duct drain
|
|
|
bile
|
a digestive enzyme produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder
|
|
|
carboxypeptidase
|
a pancreatic enzyme that digests proteins
|
|
|
cecum
|
the blind sac at the beginning of the large intestine
|
|
|
chief cells
|
cells in the stomach mucosa that produce pepsinogen, an important enzyme in the digestion of food
|
|
|
cholecystitis
|
symptoms of cholelithiasis or gallstones
|
|
|
cholecystokinin
|
a hormone produced in the intestine that stimulates the production of pancreatic secretions and gallbadder contraction and inhibits gastric motility
|
|
|
chyme
|
a semiliquid mass formed in the stomach by churned food and digestive juices
|
|
|
chymotrypsin
|
a pancreatic enzyme that digests proteins
|
|
|
crypts
|
tubular glands located in the colon which contain many mucous-producing goblet cells
|
|
|
cystic ducts
|
the route through which the gallbladder releases bile
|
|
|
disaccharidases
|
enzymes
|
|
|
diverticuli
|
weakened areas (outpouchings) in the walls of the colon
|
|
|
esophageal hiatus
|
an opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes
|
|
|
esophageal sphincters
|
two muscular rings (upper and lower) that regulate the movement of material into an out of the esophagus
|
|
|
flatus
|
gas within the colon
|
|
|
fundus
|
the bottom of a hollow organ
|
|
|
gastric inhibitory peptide
|
a hormone that inhibits both gastric secretion and motility
|
|
|
gastric pits
|
numerous pits in the stomach mucosa; also called invaginations
|
|
|
gastrin
|
a hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the stomach that increases stomach secretions as well as the rate of gastric emptying
|
|
|
gastritis
|
an inflammation of the stomach caused by overproduction of stomach acid by the parietal cells
|
|
|
gastroesophageal opening
|
the opening from the esophagus to the stomach (cardiac sphincter)
|
|
|
goblet cell
|
cells that produce a protective mucous lining
|
|
|
haustra
|
recesses in the colon caused b contractions of the teniae coli
|
|
|
hemorrhoidal plexus
|
large veins that line the inside of the anal canal
|
|
|
hepatoportal system
|
a specialized portion of the circulatory system that directs blood from the intestine through the liver for processing
|
|
|
hiatal hernia
|
a weakening of the esophageal hiatus that allows the stomach to move above the diaphragm and may cause acid reflux
|
|
|
HCl
|
an acid produced by parietal cells in the stomach that aids in digestion
|
|
|
ileocecal junction
|
where the ileum and the large intestine connect
|
|
|
intrinsic factor
|
the chemical substance produced by parietal cells that is important in the absorption of vitamin B12
|
|
|
lacteal
|
a capillary and lymph channel contained in each villus
|
|
|
lipases
|
pancreatic enzymes that break down fat
|
|
|
mesenteries
|
parts of the peritoneum that hold the abdominal organs in place and provide a passage way for blood vessels and nerves to get to the organs
|
|
|
omental bursa
|
a cavity created by a double fold of mesentery, which extends inferiorly from the stomach
|
|
|
parietal cells
|
cells in the gastric mucosa that produce hydrochloric acid
|
|
|
parotid gland
|
one of the three salivary glands
|
|
|
pepsin
|
the enzyme formed from the exposure of pepsinogen to hydrochloric acid that is important in the intitial breakdown of proteins
|
|
|
pepsinogen
|
an enzyme produced by the chief cells that is converted to pepsin by hydrochloric acid
|
|
|
peptic ulcer disease
|
a condition in which parts of the stomach and duodenal lining are eroded by stomach acid
|
|
|
peptidases
|
enzymes that breakdown proteins
|
|
|
Peyer's patches
|
intermittent patches of lymph nodes located in the ileum
|
|
|
plicae circulares
|
circular folds that run perpendicular to the long axis of the digestive tract and increase the surface area for absorption
|
|
|
pyloric sphincter
|
the thick ring of smooth muscle that surrounds the pyloric opening (stomach-small intestine)
|
|
|
retroperitoneal space
|
an area behind the parietal peritoneum that contains
|
|
|
rugae
|
thick folds of the stomach wall
|
|
|
secretin
|
a hormone produced by the duodenum that inhibits gastric secretion and stimulates the production of alkaline pancreatic secretions
|
|
|
serosa
|
the outer lining of the bowel
|
|
|
submucosa
|
the lining next to the mucosa in the GI system that contains blood vessels and lymphatic channels
|
|
|
teniae coli
|
a portion of the longitudinal muscle layer of the wall of the large intestine that encircles the colon
|
|
|
trypsin
|
a pancreatic enzyme that aids in the digestion of proteins
|
|
|
villi
|
fingerlike projections in the plicae circulares
|
|
|
acute urinary retention
|
a complete obstruction of urinary flow sometimes caused by an enlarged prostate
|
|
|
afferent arteriole
|
structures that supply blood to the glomerulus
|
|
|
aldosterone
|
a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands that increases the rate of sodium and water resorption from the distal tubules back in the blood
|
|
|
angiotensin II
|
a form of kinin that plays a role in blood pressure maintenance by causing vasoconstriction and sympathetic activation and by stimulating the adrenal gland to increase the production of aldosterone
|
|
|
ADH
|
a hormone released by the pituitary gland that causes the kidney to reabsorb more water into the blood and excrete less urine
|
|
|
basal metabolic rate
|
baseline metabolic rate of the body, or energy required to maintain the normal functions at rest
|
|
|
Bowman's capsule
|
a thin, double walled chamber that surrounds the glomerulus..The glomerulus is the filter and the bowman's capsule is the bowl...
|
|
|
calyces
|
large urinary tubes that enter the renal pelvis from the kidney tissue
|
|
|
cystitis
|
a bacterial infection of the bladder and its urinary contents
|
|
|
diabetes insipidus
|
a condition often caused by pituitary dysfunction that is associated with the production of large volumes of dilute urine and in which patients experience intense thirst
|
|
|
distal convoluted tubule
|
one of two complex secretions of a nephron, it empties urine into a collection duct which then takes to the calyces
|
|
|
facilitated diffusion
|
an energy requiring process that aids in the movement of particles through gradients
|
|
|
filtration slits
|
gaps in the glomerular capillaries that filter blood and produce urine
|
|
|
glomerulus
|
a semipermeable capillary filter located within the bowman's capsule in the nephron
|
|
|
glycogen
|
storage form for glucose in the liver
|
|
|
hypothalamus
|
the part of the brain reponsible fo the maintenance of homeostasis including control of body temperature, fluid and electrolyte balance and blood pressure, it produces adh
|
|
|
juxtaglomerular apparatus
|
structure formed by two groups of specialized cells, the macula densa and the juxtaglomerula cells, that plays an important role in fluid balance
|
|
|
loop of henle
|
U-shaped portion of the renal tubule that extends from the proximal to the distal convoluted tubule
|
|
|
macula densa
|
specialized tubular cells in the juxtaglomerular area that play a part in regulating the volume status of the body
|
|
|
medulla
|
the inner portion of the kidney issue
|
|
|
micturition reflex
|
a spinal reflex that causes contraction of the smooth muscle of the bladder, allowing for urination
|
|
|
oxidative phosphorylation
|
the production of ATP, which takes place in the mitochondria during cellular respiration
|
|
|
proximal convoluted tubule
|
one of two complex sections of a nephron, it includes an enlargement at the end called "Bowman's capsule"
|
|
|
ptyalin
|
salivary enzyme that splits starch into maltose
|
|
|
pyelonephritis
|
a potentially severe bacterial infection of the renal pelvis, medulla, and cortex
|
|
|
renal corpuscle
|
a structure formed by the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule
|
|
|
renal papilla
|
the tip of each renal pyramid
|
|
|
renal papilla
|
is the point where the renal pyramids empty urine into the calyces
|
|
|
renal pyramids
|
conical shaped tissues of nephrons
|
|
|
renal sinus
|
a cavity formed by the hilum that is filled with fat and connective tissue
|
|
|
renin
|
a hormone produced by cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus when the blood pressure is low
|
|
|
renin-angiotensin system
|
system located in the kidney that helps to regulate fluid balance and blood pressure
|
|
|
vasa recta
|
tubules, leading from the arterioles in the glomerulus, that play an important role in the concentration of urine
|
|
|
allele
|
a single gene contributed by one parent for any particular charcteristic
|
|
|
amniotic membranes
|
the placenta and membranes that surround and protect the developing embryo
|
|
|
ampulla
|
a pouch in the vast deferens at the prostate gland
|
|
|
autosomes
|
a type of chromosome that carries genes that code for numerous body proteins in both sexes
|
|
|
chromatin
|
protein matter in which chromosomes are contained within a cell
|
|
|
corpus cavernosus
|
the erectile tissue found in the clitoris and penis
|
|
|
corpus luteum
|
the remnants of an unfertilized graafian follicle allowed to be sloughed during menstruation
|
|
|
corpus spongiosum
|
erectile tissue that surrounds the male urethra
|
|
|
dartos muscle
|
a layer of cutaneous muscle within the scrotum that contracts during cold weather, causing the skin to become firm and wrinkled
|
|
|
diploid
|
the total number of chromosomes in a mature human cell
|
|
|
efferent ductile
|
the pathway through which sperm leave the testicle
|
|
|
embryoblast
|
the inner group of cells within a zygote that develops to become the embryo
|
|
|
embryonic period
|
the period of gestation between weeks 3 and 8 in which all major organ systems begin to develop
|
|
|
endometrium
|
the innermost layer of the uterine wall which is further divided nto the deep basal layer and the functional layer
|
|
|
epididymus
|
a long coiled to that extends from the efferent ductile in the testes
|
|
|
estrogen
|
a hormone released from the ovaries that stimulates the uterine lining during the menstrual cycle
|
|
|
fimbriae
|
long thin finger-like processes at the end of the fallopian tubes that surround the ostium
|
|
|
FSH
|
follicle stimulating hormone-a hormone released by the anterior pituitary gland at roughly monthly intervals that helps to stimulate one one oocyte to undergo meiosis
|
|
|
gamete
|
sex cell that contains one half of the total chromosome compliment of the mature cell
|
|
|
genomes
|
chromosomal content
|
|
|
genotype
|
the genetic composition of a given trait
|
|
|
GnRH
|
gonadotropin releasing hormone- a hormone released from the hypothalamus that stimulates uterine lining during menstruation
|
|
|
graafian follicle
|
a mature or developed ovum
|
|
|
haploid
|
the number of chromosomes (23) carried on each sex cell of the body
|
|
|
heterozygous
|
an organism that has two different alleles for a trait
|
|
|
homologous chromosomes
|
similar chromosomes in a pair, each acquired from a different parent
|
|
|
homozygous
|
an organism that has two identical alleles for a trait
|
|
|
hCG
|
human chorionic gonadotropin- a hormone that stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone during the first 8 weeks of gestation
|
|
|
infundibulum
|
the space formed in the peritoneum by the distal end of the fallopian tubes
|
|
|
LH
|
luteinizing hormone- a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland on an almost monthly basis to help one oocyte undergo meiosis
|
|
|
menarche
|
the first menstrual cycle
|
|
|
mesovarian
|
the peritoneal fold that helps hold the ovaries in place
|
|
|
oocyte
|
the precursor to a mature egg
|
|
|
ostium
|
the opening in the infundibulum formed by the fallopian tubes
|
|
|
phenotype
|
the observable characteristics of an organism that result from genetic composition and environmental factors
|
|
|
polygenic disease
|
the genetic component of a multifactorial disease
|
|
|
prepuce
|
a structure in the female external genitalia where the labia minora unite over the clitoris
|
|
|
progesterone
|
a hormone secreted by the ovaries that stimulates uterine lining during the menstrual cycle
|
|
|
pudendum
|
the female external genitalia, also called the vulva
|
|
|
seminiferous tubules
|
the area of the testes where sperm is produced
|
|
|
testosterone
|
a male hormone responsible for secondary sex characteristics
|
|
|
trophoblast
|
the outer group of cells in a zygote that develop to become the placenta
|
|
|
vestibule
|
the space in which the vagina and the urethra open
|
|
|
zygote
|
a fertilized ovum
|
|
|
acromegaly
|
gigantism-excess production of GH
|
|
|
addisonian crisis
|
acute adrenocortical insufficiency
|
|
|
adenohypophysis
|
anterior pituitary lobe
|
|
|
adrenal cortex
|
the outer layer of the adrenal gland, it produces hormones that are important in regulating water/salt balance of the body
|
|
|
ACTH
|
adrenocorticotropic hormone- one of several molecules derived from a common precursor, proopiomelanocortin, that is essential for the development of the cortex of the adrenal glands and the secretion of corticosteroids
|
|
|
aldosterone
|
hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that is important in the regulation of water and salt balance in the body
|
|
|
alpha cells
|
produced in the islets of langerhans that secrete glucagon
|
|
|
androgens
|
male sex hormones
|
|
|
androstenedione
|
a steroid sex hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex, testes, and ovaries
|
|
|
ADH
|
antidiuretic hormone- secreted by the posterior pituitary lobe of the pituitary gland, it constricts blood vessels and raises the blood pressure, also called vasopressin
|
|
|
beta cells
|
cells in the islets of langerhans that secrete insulin
|
|
|
beta-endorphins
|
proteins that have the same effects as opiates such as morphine
|
|
|
calcitonin
|
a hormone produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland that is most important in the regulation of calcium
|
|
|
Conn's syndrome
|
a condition that results in the excess secretion of aldosterone, most commonly caused by a benign tumor
|
|
|
corticosteroids
|
any number of steroids secreted by the adrenal gland
|
|
|
cortisol
|
the most important corticosteroid secreted by the zona fasciculata, it is your stress response hormone
|
|
|
cushing's syndrome
|
excessive production of cortisol-moon face, abnormal hair growth, obesity, high BP, and emotional disturbances
|
|
|
diabetes insipidus
|
a disorder of the pituitary gland that results in large volumes of dilute urine, lack of ADH
|
|
|
diabetes melllitus
|
circulatory- a condition that results from impaired production of insulin by the pancreas
|
|
|
exopthalmos
|
an abnormal protrusion of the eyes resulting from hyperthyroidism
|
|
|
feedback inhibition
|
negative feedback. ex. insulin production
|
|
|
FSH
|
follicle stimulating hormone- hormone that regulates the production of both sperm and eggs, as well as production of reproductive hormones
|
|
|
glands
|
a cell, group of cells, or an organ that selectively removes, concentrates, or alters materials in the blood and secretes them back into the body
|
|
|
glucocorticoids
|
hormones secreted by the zona fasciculata that play an important role in metabolism and inhibit inflammation
|
|
|
gonadotropin-releasing hormone
|
hormone released by hypothalamus that influences the release of LH and FSH
|
|
|
hormone sensitive lipase
|
an enzyme that is activated by glucagon, it breaks triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol
|
|
|
hCG
|
human chorionic gonadotropin- one of three major female hormones, it is produced by a developing embryo after inception
|
|
|
hyperparathyroidism
|
a condition that results from a loss of calcium from the bones as well as an increase in serum calcium levels
|
|
|
hypocalcemia
|
low calcium due to loss of parathyroid function
|
|
|
hypothalamohypophyseal portal system
|
a specialiazed set of blood vessels that carry releasing factors from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary lobe
|
|
|
infundibulum
|
the stalk that connects the hypothalamus with the pituitary gland
|
|
|
luteinizing hormone
|
LH- hormone that regulates both the production of sperm and egg as well as reproductive hormones
|
|
|
medulla
|
inner portion of the adrenal glands where epi and norepi are produced
|
|
|
mineralocorticoids
|
hormones produced in the zona glomerulosa that are important in the regulation of water/salt balance
|
|
|
neurohormones
|
secreted by the posterior pituitary including oxytocin and ADH
|
|
|
neurohypophysis
|
posterior pituitary lobe
|
|
|
osmoreceptors
|
specialized receptors in the brain that regulate the secretion of ADH
|
|
|
parafollicular cells
|
cells located between the follicles in the thyroid gland that produce the hormone calcitonin
|
|
|
parathyroid hormone
|
a hormone produced and secreted by the parathyroid, it maintains normal levels of calcium in the blood and normal neuromuscular function
|
|
|
positive feedback
|
production of hormone continues after desired effect accomplished. ex.-bleeding cessation
|
|
|
progesterone
|
produced by the ovaries, it is one of three major female hormones
|
|
|
prolactin
|
hormone that plays a major role in milk production in women
|
|
|
prostaglandins
|
a group of hormone-like fatty acids that are produced in many body tissues, including, uterus, brain and kidneys
|
|
|
somatomedins
|
proteins produced in the liver, skeletal muscle, and other tissues that are stimulated by growth hormone
|
|
|
somatostatin
|
hormone released by hypothalamus that inhibits the secretion of growth hormone. aka GHRIH
|
|
|
somatotropin
|
(GH) -hormone that stimulates growth in many tissue, especially long bones in the extremities
|
|
|
tetraiodothyronine
|
T4- one of twohormones secreted by the thyroid gland, it is essential for normal growth an development for children as well as body metabolism
|
|
|
thyroglobulin
|
a protein to which thyroid hormones are bound
|
|
|
thyroid
|
gland at base of neck secretes hormone that regulate growth development, and metabolism
|
|
|
thyroid stimulating hormone
|
TSH- thyrotropin- hormone that controls the release of TH
|
|
|
thyroxine-binding globulin
|
a protein synthesized in the liver that binds T3 and T4
|
|
|
vasopressin
|
ADH
|
|
|
zona fasciculata
|
one of three divisions of the adrenal cortex, it produces corticosteroids
|
|
|
zona glomerulosa
|
one of three divisions of the adrenal cortex, it produces mineralocorticoids
|
|
|
zona reticulares
|
one of three divisions of the adrenal cortex, it secretes relatively weak androgens
|
|
|
apocrine sweat glands
|
coiled tubular glands that usualyy open into hair follicles of the axillae, genitalia and anus
|
|
|
eccrine sweat glands
|
merocrine sweat glands distributed all over the body to promote cooling
|
|
|
eleidin
|
granules within stratum lucidum that are formed keratohyaline and are eventually transformed to keratin
|
|
|
full-thickness burns
|
burns involing the hypodermis and possibly bone, muscle, or internal organs, also called third degree burns
|
|
|
keratohyalin
|
a precursor to keratin that is located within the stratum granulosum of the epidermis
|
|
|
lunula
|
the white crescent shaped structure at the base of the nail body
|
|
|
merocrine sweat glands
|
sweat glands that produce a solution containing salt and urea that is secreted directly onto the surface of the skin through pores
|
|
|
stratum corneum
|
the outer layer of the epidermis, which contain about 25 layers of dead cells that continuously shed and push upward
|
|
|
stratum germinativum
|
the innermost layer of the epidermis
|
|
|
stratum granulosum
|
the layer of epidermis between lucidum and spinosum that contains keratohyalin
|
|
|
stratum lucidum
|
the first inner layer of the epidermis only in thick epithelium-palms and soles
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stratum spinosum
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between startum granulosum and startum germinativum which have keratinocytes which produce keratohyaline, a precursor to keratin
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