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131 Cards in this Set
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CCB drugs? Tx? AE?
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CCB - 1 Dihydropyridine (Nifedipine), 2 Non-Dihydropyridine (Verapamil, Diltiazem). Dihydropyridine Tx - 1 HTN, 2 Stable Angina, 3 Raynaud Phenomenum. Non-Dihydropyridine (Verapamil, Diltiazem) Tx - 1 AV block - arrhythmia, 2 Severe Asthma, 3 Prinzmetal, 4 Cocaine-induced. AE - 1 Edema, 2 Constipation, 3 Heart Block (rare)
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Nifedipine. Drug class? Tx? AE?
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CCB - 1 Dihydropyridine (Nifedipine), 2 Non-Dihydropyridine (Verapamil, Diltiazem). Dihydropyridine Tx - 1 HTN, 2 Stable Angina, 3 Raynaud Phenomenum. Non-Dihydropyridine (Verapamil, Diltiazem) Tx - 1 AV block - arrhythmia, 2 Severe Asthma, 3 Prinzmetal, 4 Cocaine-induced. AE - 1 Edema, 2 Constipation, 3 Heart Block (rare)
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Verapamil. Drug class? Tx? AE?
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CCB - 1 Dihydropyridine (Nifedipine), 2 Non-Dihydropyridine (Verapamil, Diltiazem). Dihydropyridine Tx - 1 HTN, 2 Stable Angina, 3 Raynaud Phenomenum. Non-Dihydropyridine (Verapamil, Diltiazem) Tx - 1 AV block - arrhythmia, 2 Severe Asthma, 3 Prinzmetal, 4 Cocaine-induced. AE - 1 Edema, 2 Constipation, 3 Heart Block (rare)
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Diltiazem. Drug class? Tx? AE?
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CCB - 1 Dihydropyridine (Nifedipine), 2 Non-Dihydropyridine (Verapamil, Diltiazem). Dihydropyridine Tx - 1 HTN, 2 Stable Angina, 3 Raynaud Phenomenum. Non-Dihydropyridine (Verapamil, Diltiazem) Tx - 1 AV block - arrhythmia, 2 Severe Asthma, 3 Prinzmetal, 4 Cocaine-induced. AE - 1 Edema, 2 Constipation, 3 Heart Block (rare)
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Dihydropyridine. Drug class? Tx? AE?
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CCB - 1 Dihydropyridine (Nifedipine), 2 Non-Dihydropyridine (Verapamil, Diltiazem). Dihydropyridine Tx - 1 HTN, 2 Stable Angina, 3 Raynaud Phenomenum. Non-Dihydropyridine (Verapamil, Diltiazem) Tx - 1 AV block - arrhythmia, 2 Severe Asthma, 3 Prinzmetal, 4 Cocaine-induced. AE - 1 Edema, 2 Constipation, 3 Heart Block (rare)
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Non-Dihydropyridine. Drug class? Tx? AE?
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CCB - 1 Dihydropyridine (Nifedipine), 2 Non-Dihydropyridine (Verapamil, Diltiazem). Dihydropyridine Tx - 1 HTN, 2 Stable Angina, 3 Raynaud Phenomenum. Non-Dihydropyridine (Verapamil, Diltiazem) Tx - 1 AV block - arrhythmia, 2 Severe Asthma, 3 Prinzmetal, 4 Cocaine-induced. AE - 1 Edema, 2 Constipation, 3 Heart Block (rare)
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CABG Lower mortality for whom?
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CABG Lower mortality for whom? In Very Severe diseae - 1 Three vessels with at least 70 perc stenosis in each, 2 Left-main coronary artery occlusion, 3 Two-vessel diseasein a pt with Diabetes, 4 Persistent symptoms despite maximal medical therapy
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PR interval greater than 200 msec. Dx?
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PR interval greater than 200 msec. Dx? First Degree AV block.
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ST depression in leads V1 and V2. Dx?
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ST depression in leads V1 and V2. Dx? Posterior wall MI. V1 and V2 are read in Opposite direction of the rest of the leads. Posterior wall MI is associated with low mortality.
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What is Q-wave?
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What is Q-wave? ST elevation progresses to Q-waves over several days to a week.
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Tako-Tsubo crdiomyopathy. Px? Tx?
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Tako-Tsubo crdiomyopathy. Px? Postmenopausal women, Overwhelming, Emotionally Stressful Event. Ballooning and LV dyskinesis. Tx? BB, and ACEI.
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Chronic Angina Tx?
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Chronic Angina Tx? 1 Aspirin, 2 BB, 3 Nitroglycerin.
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CCB in CAD Only with what conditions?
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CCB in CAD Only with what conditions? 1 Severe Asthma, 2 Prinzmetal, 3 Cocaine-induced. CCB - 1 Dihydropyridine (Nifedipine), 2 Non-Dihydropyridine (Verapamil, Diltiazem). Dihydropyridine Tx - 1 HTN, 2 Stable Angina, 3 Raynaud Phenomenum. Non-Dihydropyridine (Verapamil, Diltiazem) Tx - 1 AV block - arrhythmia, 2 Severe Asthma, 3 Prinzmetal, 4 Cocaine-induced. AE - 1 Edema, 2 Constipation, 3 Heart Block (rare)
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ST depression. Tx?
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ST depression(and NSTEMI). Tx? 1 Heparin, 2 Glycoprotein 2b_3a inhibitors (Abciximab, Tirofiban, Eptifibitide)
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Abciximab. Med class. Tx?
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ST depression(and NSTEMI). Tx? 1 Heparin, 2 Glycoprotein 2b_3a inhibitors (Abciximab, Tirofiban, Eptifibitide)
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Tirofiban. Med class. Tx?
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ST depression(and NSTEMI). Tx? 1 Heparin, 2 Glycoprotein 2b_3a inhibitors (Abciximab, Tirofiban, Eptifibitide)
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Eptifibitide. Med class. Tx?
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ST depression(and NSTEMI). Tx? 1 Heparin, 2 Glycoprotein 2b_3a inhibitors (Abciximab, Tirofiban, Eptifibitide)
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Cannon A wave. Dx?
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Cannon A wave. Dx? 1 Third-degree AV block, 2 RV infarction.
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Complications of MI - Bradycardia. Tx?
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Complications of MI - Bradycardia. Tx? 1 Atropine, 2 Pacemaker (if Atropine is not effective)
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ST elevation in RV4. Dx? Tx?
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ST elevation in RV4. Dx? Inferior Wall MI. RV infarction. Right Coronary artery supples - 1 RV, 2 AV node, 3 Inferior wall of heart. Tx? High volume fluid replacement.
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Step up in Oxygen saturation from RA to RV. Dx?
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Step up in Oxygen saturation from RA to RV. Dx? Septal rupture. Both Valve rupture and septal rupture present with new onset of murmur and pulmonary congestion.
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Mural thrombus. Tx?
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Mural thrombus. Tx? 1 Heparin, followed by 2 Warfarin
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RV infarction Px?
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RV infarction Px? 1 IWMI, 2 Clear lungs, 3 Tachycardia, 4 Hypotension with Nitroglycerin
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JVD. Dx?
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JVD. Dx? 1 CHF, 2 Cardiac Tamponade, 3 PE, 4 Tension Pneumothoraax
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Contrast Dyspnea from RH failure and LH failure.
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Contrast Dyspnea from RH failure and LH failure. Left Heart failure (Orthopnea, Pulmonary Edema, Rales). Right Heart failure (JVD, Hepatomegaly, Ascites, Peripheral Edema). S3, PND in both
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When to use MUGA?
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When to use MUGA? MUGA (Nuclear Ventriculography) is Most Accurate test for Ejection Fraction
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When to use BNP?
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When to use BNP? Acute SOB where etiology of dyspnea is not clear and can not wait for echo
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CHF - Systolic Dysfunction. Tx with Mortality benefit?
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CHF - Systolic Dysfunction. Tx with Mortality benefit? 1 ACEi or ARB, 2 BB, 3 Spironolactone, 4 Hydralazine_Nitrates, 5 Implantable Defibrillator
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CHF - Diastolic Dysfunction. Tx with Mortality benefit?
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CHF - Systolic Dysfunction. Tx with Mortality benefit? 1 BB, 2 Diuretics
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Acute Pulmonary Edema Px?
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Acute Pulmonary Edema Px? SOB associated with 1 Rales, 2 JVD, 3 S3 gallop, 4 Edema, 5 Orthopnea, 6 Ascites, 7 Liver and Spleen enlargement
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SOB, Rales, JVD, S3 gallop, Edema. Dx?
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Acute Pulmonary Edema Px? SOB associated with 1 Rales, 2 JVD, 3 S3 gallop, 4 Edema, 5 Orthopnea, 6 Ascites, 7 Liver and Spleen enlargement
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Cephalization of flow. Dx?
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Cephalization of flow. Dx? Vascular congestion with filling of blood vessels towards head in Acute Pulmonary Edema.
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Acute Pulmonary Edema Tx?
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Acute Pulmonary Edema Tx? 1 Preload Reduction (aaa Oxygen, bbb Loop Diuretics [Furosemide, Bumetinide], ccc Morphine, ddd Nitrates), 2 Positive Inotropic (Dobutaine, Amrinone, Milrinone, Digoxin), 3 Afterload Reduction (ACEi and ARB - Systolic dysfunction and Low ejection fraction).
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Valvular disease association for Rheumatic fever?
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Valvular disease association for Rheumatic fever? MS
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Valvular disease association for Aging?
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Valvular disease association for Aging? AS
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Valvular disease association for HTN and IHD?
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Valvular disease association for HTN and IHD? Regurgitant disease
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Valvular disease association for Infarction?
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Valvular disease association for Infarction? Regurgitation, later Dilation
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Valvular disease association?
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Valvular disease association? SOB and CHF symptoms
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Valvular disease Lx?
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Valvular disease Lx? Initial - TTE, TEE (more sensitive and specific), Catheterization (Most Accurate)
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Valvular disease Tx?
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Valvular disease Tx? 1 Diuretics. Regurgitant lesions respond best to Vasodilator Tx (ACEi or ARB, Nifedipine, Hydralazine)
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Mitral Stenosis. Px?
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Mitral Stenosis. Px? 1 Rheumatic Fever, 2 Pregnancy, 3 Immigrant, 4 Dysphagia (LA pressing on Esophagus), 5 Hoarseness (LA on Laryngeal nerve), 6 Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke (Englarged LA), 7 Hemoptysis.
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Dysphagia. Dx?
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Dysphagia. Dx? MS - LA on Esophagus
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Hoarseness. Dx?
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Hoarseness. Dx? MS - LA on Laryngeal nerve
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LV Hypertrophy on EKG?
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LV Hypertrophy on EKG? S wave (Down) in V1 plus R wave (Up) in V5 More than 35.
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S wave in V1 plus R wave in V5 More than 35. Dx?
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LV Hypertrophy on EKG? S wave (Down) in V1 plus R wave (Up) in V5 More than 35.
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What is Standing maneuver equivalent to?
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What is Standing maneuver equivalent to? Standing, Valsalva, and Diuretic use are same. They Decrease Ventricular Volume. They Increase Murmur in MVP, and HOCM. Opposite is Leg Raising, and Squatting.
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What is Handgrip maneuver equivalent to?
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What is Handgrip maneuver equivalent to? Fuller Left Ventricle - Decrease LV Emptying. Increase After Load - Harder for heart to empty blood. Decrease Down Stream Flow. They Decrease MVP, HOCM, and AS murmur. Handgrip has No effect on MS.
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What is Amyl Nitrate equivalent to heart effect?
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What is Amyl Nitrate equivalent to heart effect? Amyl Nitrate, ACEi, and Emptier Left Ventricle are the same. They Increase LV Emptying. Amyl Nitrate Increase MVP, HOCM, and AS. It does not change MS.
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Aortic Regurgitation operative criteria?
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Aortic Regurgitation operative criteria? Ejectio fraction Less than 55 perc, Left Ventricular End Systolic Diameter Greater than 55 mm
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Mitral Regurgitation operative criteria?
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Mitral Regurgitation operative criteria? Ejectio fraction Less than 60 perc, Left Ventricular End Systolic Diameter Greater than 45 mm
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Wide splitting of S2. Dx?
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Wide splitting of S2, P2 Delayed. Dx? 1 RBBB, 2 Pulmonic Stenois, 3 RV hypertrophy, 4 Pulmonary HTN
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Paradoxical splitting of S2. Dx?
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Paradoxical splitting of S2, A2 Delayed. Dx? 1 LBBB, 2 Aortic Stenosis, 3 LV hypertrophy, 4 HTN
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Fixed splitting of S2. Dx?
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Fixed splitting of S2. Dx? ASD
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Pulsus Paradoxus. Dx?
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Pulsus Paradoxus. Dx? 1 Cardiac tamponade, 2 Severe Asthma, 3 Tension Pneumothorax
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Pain, Pallor, Pulseless. Dx?
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Pain, Pallor, Pulseless. Dx? Arterial Occlusion
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Aortic Dissection. Tx?
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Aortic Dissection. Tx? 1 BB, then 2 Nitroprusside to control BP
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PAD Tx?
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PAD Tx? 1 Aspirin, 2 ACEi to control BP, 3 Exercise as tolerated, 4 Cilostazol, 5 Statin to control Lipid (LDL goal Less than 100)
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Stable VT Tx?
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Stable VT Tx? PALM - 1 Procainamide, 2 Amiodarone, 3 Lidocaine, 4 Magnesium
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Unsynchronized cardioversion Tx?
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Unsynchronized cardioversion Tx? V Fibrillation. Sequence - 1 Continue CPR, 2 Reattempt Defibrillation, 3 IV Epinephrine or Vasopressin, 4 Defibrillation, 5 IV Amiodarone or Lidocaine, 6 Defibrillation, 7 Repeat several cycles of CPR between each shock
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Syncope evaluation?
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Syncope evaluation? 1 LOC sudden or gradual, 2 Regaining of Consciousness Sudden or Gradual, 3 Cardiac exam. 1 LOC sudden (Cardiac, Neurological - Seizure) or gradual (aaa Toxic Metabolic problem, bbb Hypoglycemia, ccc Drug Toxicity_Intoxication, ddd Anemia, eee Hypoxia), 2 Regaining of Consciousness Sudden (Cardiac, Rhythm disorder vs Structural disease) or Gradual (Neurological - Seizure), 3 Cardiac exam - Normal (Ventricular Arrhythmia) or Abnormal (Structural heart disease - Left Heart - aaa Aortic Stenosis, bbb HOCM, ccc Mitral Stenosis, ddd MVP).
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What is Lx - best initial - in nephrology?
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What is Lx - best initial - in nephrology? 1 Urinalysis, 2 BUN and Creatinine
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In Uninalysis, what does Nitrites show?
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In Uninalysis, hat does Nitrites show? Nitrites is Gram Negative organism
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In Uninalysis, what does Leukocyte Esterase show?
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In Uninalysis, what does Leukocyte Esterase show? Leukocyte Esterase shows Infection
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What does severe proteinuria tells?
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What does severe proteinuria tells? Severe Proteinuria tells Glomerular Damage
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What is orthostatic proteinuria?
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What is orthostatic proteinuria? Orthostatic proteinuria is prolonged standing cause proteinuria and it is normal.
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What is Lx for total amount of protein in a day?
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What is Lx for total amount of protein in a day? 1 Single Protein to Creatinine ratio (Better), 2 24-hour Urine Collection
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What is microalbuminuria? Dx? Tx?
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What is microalbuminuria? 50 to 300 mg per 24 hour. It is present in early Diabetic. Tx - ACEI or ARB
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Bence-Jones protein. Dx? How to detect?
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Bence-Jones protein. Dx? Multiple Myeloma. How to detect? Not detectable on a urine dipstick. Use ImmunoElectrophoresis.
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In UA, what does WBC represents?
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In UA, what does WBC represents? 1 Inflammation, 2 Infection, 3 Allergic Interstitial Nephritis
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In nephrology, what does Eosinophil represent? Lx?
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In nephrology, what does Eosinophil represent? Eosinophil is Allergic or Acute Interstitial Nephritis. Eosinophils is very specific. Lx - 1 Wright Stains, 2 Hansel Stains.
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In UA, what does RBC represents?
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In UA, what does RBC represents? RBC represent Hematuria - 1 Stones (Bladder, Ureter, Kidney), 2 Infection (Cystitis, Pyelonephritis), 3 Cancer (Bladder, Ureters, or Kidney), 4 Trauma, 5 Glomerulonephritis, 6 Hematologic disorders that cause bleeding (Coagulopathy), 7 Drugs (Cyclophosphamide gives Hemorrhagic Cystitis)
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What cause false positive tests for hematuria on UA?
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What cause false positive tests for hematuria on UA? 1 Hemoglobin, or 2 Myoglobin in urine
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How to differential RBC from Hemoglobin or Myoglobin in UA?
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How to differential RBC from Hemoglobin or Myoglobin in UA? RBC, Hemoglobin, and Myoglobin causes positive dipstick for blood. Hemoglobin and Myoglobin will have No RBC on Microscopic Examination of urine.
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Dysmorphic RBC. Dx?
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Dysmorphic RBC. Dx? Glomerulonephritis
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Does NSAIDs induce renal disease show Eosinophil?
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Does NSAIDs induce renal disease show Eosinophil? No
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Bladder Lx - Most Accurate?
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Bladder Lx - Most Accurate? Cystoscopy
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When is cystoscopy done?
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When is cystoscopy done? 1 Hematuria without Infection or Prior Trauma, and 2 Renal Ultrasound or CT does NOT show an etiology, 3 Bladder Sonography shows a Mass for possible Biopsy.
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What are casts?
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What are casts? Casts are collections of material Clogging up the Tubules and being excreted in urine.
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Urinary cast - Red cell . Association?
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Urinary cast - Red cell . Association? Glomerulonephritis
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Urinary cast - White cell . Association?
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Urinary cast - White cell . Association? Pyelonephritis
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Urinary cast - Eosinophil . Association?
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Urinary cast - Eosinophil . Association? Acute (Allergic) Interstitial Nephritis
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Urinary cast - Hyaline . Association?
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Urinary cast - Hyaline . Association? Dehydration concentrates urine and normal Tamm-Horsfall protein precipitates or concentrates into a cast
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Urinary cast - Broad, Waxy . Association?
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Urinary cast - Broad, Waxy . Association? Chronic renal disease
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Urinary cast - Granular, or Muddy-Brown . Association?
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Urinary cast - Granular, or Muddy-Brown . Association? Acute tubular necrosis. they are collections of dead tubular cells
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Glomerulonephritis . What cast Association?
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Glomerulonephritis . What cast Association? Red cell
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Pyelonephritis . What cast Association?
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Pyelonephritis . What cast Association? White cell
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Acute (Allergic) Interstitial Nephritis . What cast Association?
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Acute (Allergic) Interstitial Nephritis . What cast Association? Eosinophil
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Dehydration. Tamm-Horsfall protein . What cast Association?
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Dehydration. Tamm-Horsfall protein . What cast Association? Hyaline
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Chronic renal disease . What cast Association?
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Chronic renal disease . What cast Association? Broad, Waxy
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Acute tubular necrosis. Dead tubular cells . What cast Association?
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Acute tubular necrosis. Dead tubular cells . What cast Association? Granular, or Muddy-Brown
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What is another name for AKI?
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What is another name for AKI? Acute Kidney Injury is same as Acute Renal Failure
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What is AKI? Types?
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What is AKI? Aka ARF. Defined as a Decrease in Creatinine Clearance resulting in a sudden rise in BUN and Creatinine. Types? 1 PreRenal Azotemia (Decreased Perfusion), 2 PostRenal Azotemia (Obstruction), 3 Intrinsic Renal Disease (Ischemia and Toxins).
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What are causes of Prerenal Azotemia?
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What are causes of Prerenal Azotemia? 1 Hypotension (Systolic Below 90) - aaa Sepsis, bbb Anaphylaxis, ccc Bleeding, ddd Dehydration. 2 Hypovolemia - aaa Diuretics, bbb Burns, ccc Pancreatitis. 3 Renal Artery Stenosis. 4 Relative Hypovolemia from Decreased Pump Function - aaa CHF, bbb Constrictive Pericarditis, ccc Tamponade. 5 HypoAlbuminemia. 6 Cirrhosis. 7 NSAIDs - Constrict Afferent Arteriole. 8 ACEI - Efferent arteriole vasodilation.
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What is NSAIDs affect on renal capillary?
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What is NSAIDs affect on renal capillary? NSAIDs Constrict Afferent Arteriole
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What is ACEI affect on renal capillary?
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What is ACEI affect on renal capillary? ACEI Vasodilate Efferent Arteriole
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What are causes of PostRenal Azotemia?
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What are causes of PostRenal Azotemia? Obstruction cause damages to kidney by blocking filtration at glomerulus. 1 Prostate Hypertropy or Cancer. 2 Stone in Ureter. 3 Cervical Cancer. 4 Urethral Stricture. 5 Neurogenic (Atonic) Bladder. 6 Retroperitoneal Fibrosis (Bleomycin, Methylsergide, or Radiation)
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What medication cause retroperitoneal fibrosis?
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What medication cause retroperitoneal fibrosis? 1 Bleomycin, 2 Methylsergide, 3 Radiation
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What is the managment of PreRenal and PostRenal Azotemia?
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What is the managment of PreRenal and PostRenal Azotemia? Correcting the underlying cause. Majority are Reversible. They cause 80 perc of AKI
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What is the most common cause of Intrinsic Renal disease?
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What is the most common cause of Intrinsic Renal disease? MCC is Acute Tubular Necrosis from 1 Toxins, or 2 Prolonged Ischemia of kidney. Glomerulonephritis is rarely acute, but when kidney is injured from any cause, there is always a greater risk of AKI.
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What is the cause of Intrinsic Renal disease?
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What is the cause of Intrinsic Renal disease? MCC is 1 Acute Tubular Necrosis from aaa Toxins, or bbb Prolonged Ischemia of kidney. 2 Glomerulonephritis is rarely acute, but when kidney is injured from any cause, there is always a greater risk of AKI. 3 Acute (Allergic) Interstitial Nephritis - Penicillins. 4 Rhabdomyolysis and Hemoglobinuria. 5 Contrast Agents, Aminoglycosides, Cisplatin, Amphotericin, Cyclosporine, and NSAIDs(Most common toxins causing AKI from ATN). 6 Crystals - HyperUricemia, HyperCalcemia, or HyperOxaluria. 7 Proteins - Bence-Jones protein from Multiple Myeloma. 8 PostStreptococcal Infection.
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Enlargement of Bladder, Massive Diuresis after Foley catheter placement. Dx?
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Enlargement of Bladder, Massive Diuresis after Foley catheter placement. Dx? PostRenal Azotemia - Obstruction
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Complete dead kidney. What changes?
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Complete dead kidney. What changes? Creatinine Rises 1 per day.
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PreRenal. Lx - BUN over Creatinine?
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PreRenal. Lx - BUN over Creatinine? More than 20 over 1
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PostRenal. Lx - BUN over Creatinine?
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PostRenal. Lx - BUN over Creatinine? More than 20 over 1
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Intrinsic Renal Disease. Lx - BUN over Creatinine?
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Intrinsic Renal Disease. Lx - BUN over Creatinine? Around 10 over 1
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Who should not get Contrast?
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Who should not get Contrast? No Contrast for Renal Insufficiency
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When AKI with unclear etiology. Next step?
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When AKI with unclear etiology. Next step? 1 Urinalysis, 2 Urine sodium (UNa), 3 Fractional Excretion of Sodium (FeNa), or 4 Urine Osmolality. Urinalysis is First
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Prerenal azotemia. Lx - UNa and FeNa?
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Prerenal azotemia. Lx - UNa and FeNa? Low UNa (Less than 20) equal to Low FeNa (Less than 1 perc)
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What kidney cell reabsorb water?
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What kidney cell reabsorb water? Tubule cells reabsorb water. In ATN, Urine cannot be contrated because tubule cells are damaged. Urine osmolality is same as blood. Body loses Sodium (UNa Above 20), and Water (UOsm Below 300) into Urine.
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What renal problem causes Sodium and Water loss in Urine?
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What renal problem causes Sodium and Water loss in Urine? Kidney Tubule cells reabsorb water. In ATN, Urine cannot be contrated because tubule cells are damaged. Urine osmolality is same as blood. Body loses Sodium (UNa Above 20), and Water (UOsm Below 300) into Urine.
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UNa Above 20. UOsm Below 300. Dx?
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UNa Above 20. UOsm Below 300. Dx? Kidney Tubule cells reabsorb water. In ATN, Urine cannot be contrated because tubule cells are damaged. Urine osmolality is same as blood. Body loses Sodium (UNa Above 20), and Water (UOsm Below 300) into Urine.
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20 yo African American man comes for a screening test for sickle cell. He is found to be heterozygous (Trait or AS) for sickle cell. What is best advice for him?
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20 yo African American man comes for a screening test for sickle cell. He is found to be heterozygous (Trait or AS) for sickle cell. What is best advice for him? --- Avoid Dehydration. Sickle cell trait has a Defect in Renal Concentrating ability or Isosthenuria. They will continue to produce inappropriately Dilute, High-Volume Urne despite Dehydration.
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What is Urine Specific Gravity?
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What is Urine Specific Gravity? Urine Osmolality. High Specific Gravity is High UOsm.
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What is Urine Osmolality?
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What is Urine Osmolality? Urine Specific Gravity. High Specific Gravity is High UOsm.
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BUN to Creatinine More than 20 to 1. UNa Less than 20. FeNa Less than 1 p. UOsm More than 500. Dx?
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BUN to Creatinine More than 20 to 1. UNa Less than 20. FeNa Less than 1 p. UOsm More than 500. Dx? PreRenal Azotemia
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BUN to Creatinine Less than 20 to 1. UNa More than 20. FeNa More than 1 p. UOsm Less than 300. Dx?
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BUN to Creatinine Less than 20 to 1. UNa More than 20. FeNa More than 1 p. UOsm Less than 300. Dx? Acute Tubular Necrosis
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PreRenal Azotemia. Lx - BUN to Creatinine. UNa. FeNa. UOsm.?
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PreRenal Azotemia. Lx - BUN to Creatinine. UNa. FeNa. UOsm.? --- BUN to Creatinine More than 20 to 1. UNa Less than 20. FeNa Less than 1 p. UOsm More than 500. PreRenal Azotemia
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Acute Tubular Necrosis. Lx - BUN to Creatinine. UNa. FeNa. UOsm.?
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Acute Tubular Necrosis. Lx - BUN to Creatinine. UNa. FeNa. UOsm.? --- BUN to Creatinine Less than 20 to 1. UNa More than 20. FeNa More than 1 p. UOsm Less than 300. Acute Tubular Necrosis
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What kidney cell reabsorb water and Na?
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What kidney cell reabsorb water and Na? Tubule cell
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What kidney cell damage causes proteinuria?
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What kidney cell damage causes proteinuria? Gomeruli
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What happen when kidney tubule cell damage?
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What happen when kidney tubule cell damage? Cannot reabsorb Na and Water
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What happen when kidney Glomerulil damage?
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What happen when kidney Glomerulil damage? Proteinuria
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What is the difference between Contrast and Aminoglycoside causing ATN?
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What is the difference between Contrast and Aminoglycoside causing ATN? Contrast cause Creatinine to rise Next day. Aminoglycoside causes Creatinine to rise after 5 to 10 days.
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How to prevent contrast induced nephrotoxicity?
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How to prevent contrast induced nephrotoxicity? Give Saline Hydration.
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Contrast induced nephropathy. Lx - UNa, FeNa, Urine Specific Gravity?
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Contrast induced nephropathy. Lx - UNa, FeNa, Urine Specific Gravity? --- Contrast induced nephropathy. Lx - UNa Less than 20, FeNa Less than 1p, Urine Specific Gravity - Very high. Contrast causes spasm of afferent arteriole that leads to renal tubular dysfunction. There is tremendous reabsorption of sodium and water, leading the specific gravity of urine to become very high.
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A pt with extremely severe myeloma with a plasmacytoma is admitted for combination chemotherapy. Two days later, the creatinine rises. What is the most likely cause?
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A pt with extremely severe myeloma with a plasmacytoma is admitted for combination chemotherapy. Two days later, the creatinine rises. What is the most likely cause? --- Hyperuricemia. Two days after chemotherapy, the creatinine rises in a person with a hematologic malignancy. This is most likely from Tumor Lysis Syndrome leading to Hyperuricemia.
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What does tumor lysis syndrome cause? how to prevent?
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What does tumor lysis syndrome cause? how to prevent? TLS causes HyperUricemia. Prevent this with 1 Allopurinol, 2 Hydration, and 3 Rasburicase given Prior to chemotherapy to prevent renal failure from TLS.
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What is Rasburicase Tx for?
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What is Rasburicase Tx for? Tumor Lysis Syndrome causes HyperUricemia. Prevent this with 1 Allopurinol, 2 Hydration, and 3 Rasburicase given Prior to chemotherapy to prevent renal failure from TLS.
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A pt who is suicidal ingests an unknown substance and develops renal failure 3 days later. Her calcium level is also low and the urinalsis shows an abnormality. What did she take?
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A pt who is suicidal ingests an unknown substance and develops renal failure 3 days later. Her calcium level is also low and the urinalsis shows an abnormality. What did she take? --- Ethylene Glycol. Ethylene Glycol is associated with AKI based on Oxalic acid and Oxalte precipitating within kidney tubules causing ATN. Oxalate crystal appears as Envelope-shaped crystals. The Calcium level is Low because it precipitates as calcium Oxalate.
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Envelope-shaped crystals. Dx?
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Envelope-shaped crystals. Dx? Ethylene Glycol. Envelope shaped crystal is Oxalate crystals. Oxalic acid and oxalate precipitating within Kidney tubules causing ATN. Calcium level is Low because it precipitates as calcium oxalate.
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Inflammation of retina. Ingestion of something. Dx?
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Inflammation of retina. Ingestion of something. Dx? Methanol.
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