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366 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What ideas that Darwin incorporated into his theory were proposed by Hutton and Lyell?
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gradual and uniform geological changes
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Describe the idea that Darwin took from the writings of Thomas Malthus.
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populations tend to increase at a rate that can surpass available resources
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Catastrophism was Cuvier's attempt to explain
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chronology in fossil records
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The common ancestor of animals probably had which (5) characteristics?
And did NOT have which 1 characteristic? |
eukaryote
motility flagella a 'protist' heterotrophic prokaryote |
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What is a protist classified under?
(Hint: plants, animals, fungi) |
Eukaryote
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Animals are heterotrophic. What does this mean?
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they cannot produce their own food, they must ingest it
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Protostomes vs Deuterostomes
What kind of cleavage? |
Protostomes:
spiral, determinate (PSD) Deuterostomes: radial, inderminate (DRI) |
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DRI
PSD |
deuterostomes: radial, inderminate
protostomes: spiral, determinate |
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Protostomes vs Deuterostomes
What develops first from the blastopore? |
P:
mouth first D: anus first |
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What is archenteron formation associated with?
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gastrulation
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Gametes are __ vs diploid.
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haploid
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Mitosis begins during ___.
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cleavage
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What is a fertilized egg called?
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zygote
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Formation of the embryonic tissue layers occurs during __.
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gastrulation
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What is a fluid-filled hollow ball of cells called?
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blastula
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What are choanocytes and amoebocytes associated with?
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sponges
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What phylum has an exoskeleton made of chitin?
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arthropoda
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What phylum are nematocysts associated with?
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cnidaria
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What phylum are jointed appendages associated with?
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arthropoda
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What phylum has spicules?
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sponges
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What phylum is radially symmetrical?
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cnidaria
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What phylum is ecdysozoan and has only longitudinal muscles?
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nematoda
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What phyla does ecdysozoa contain? (secrete an exoskeleton)
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arthropoda
nematoda |
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What phylulm has a gastrovascular cavity and is an acoelomate?
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platyhelminthes
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What phyla have gastrovascular cavities?
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cnidaria
platyhelminthes |
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What phylum is associated with a gastrodermis?
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cnidaria
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What phylum is associated with diploblasty?
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cnidaria
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What phylum has a gastrodermis and is diploblastic?
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cndaria
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What phylum is 'soft bodied' and has a visceral mass?
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mollusca
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What phylum do tapeworms and flukes belong to?
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platyhelminthes
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What animals are included in the phylum platyhelminthes?
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tapeworms
flukes |
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What is calcaria associated with?
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sponges
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What phylum does a lobster belong to?
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arthropoda
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What phylum are parapodia associated with?
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annelida
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What phylum do clamworms belong to?
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annelida
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What phylum has a medusa and polyp form?
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cnidaria
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What phylum do octopuses and squids belong to?
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mollusca
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Diversity among sponges can be characterized by ...
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complexity of branching
spicule structure |
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Animals that exist in polyp form, produce calcium carbonate cups and provide habitat for many diverse animals are called __.
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coral animals
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What are four characteristics of animal cells?
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plasma membrane
mitochondria ribosomes gap cells |
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What organisms contain plasmodesmata?
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plants
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What are (3) functions of a gastrovascular cavity?
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circulation
digestion support |
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How many openings does a gastrovascular cavity contain?
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one
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Which type of symmetry allows for cephalization?
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bilateral
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What 3 things do plant cells have that animal cells do not?
(hint: 3 Cs) |
cell wall
central vacuole chloroplasts |
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How are sex cells produced in plants? (meiosis or mitosis)
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meiosis
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How are sex cells produced in animals? (meiosis or mitosis)
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meiosis
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What are the sex cells produced by plants?
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sperm
egg |
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What are the sex cells produced by animals?
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sperm
egg |
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What is the name of the diploid cell that is created from the sperm and egg in plants?
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zygote
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What is the name of the diploid cell that is created from the sperm and egg in animals?
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zygote
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What are the two main ideas of Darwin's theory?
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evolution
natural selection |
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What is evolution?
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change seen in organisms over many generations
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What is natural selection?
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survival of the fittest
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What is differential reproductive success associated with?
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natural selection
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What are three ideas that lead Darwin to his theory of natural selection?
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selective breeding in finches and plants
variation among populations |
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What is a coelem?
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body cavity
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What are 3 advantages to having a coelem?
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supports the body
protects internal organs locomotion |
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What is the difference between segmentation in annelids and arthropods?
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annelids, repetitious
arthropods, specialized |
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What is the difference between repetitious and specialized segmentation?
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repetitious may contain a heart or parts of a heart in many segments
specialized means one compartment for one specific function only |
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What is the difference in predation, locomotion and cephalization between sessile and mobile animals?
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mobile animals require cephalization and locomotion in order to be a successful predator
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How does Malthus' chart impact Darwin's ideas about how evolution occurs?
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when food was scarce, only the animals best suited to finding it were able to pass on genes - differential reproductive success
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What was Lamarck's idea?
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use and disuse
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Which phylum has two tissue layers?
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cnidaria
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What is diploblasty?
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two tissue layers
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Which phylum is a diploblast?
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cnidaria
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Which phylum has no tissue layers?
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sponge
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Which phyla do not have three tissue layers?
|
cnidaria
sponges |
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What four characteristics do all chordates have at some point in their life?
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dorsal, hollow nerve chord
notochord pharyngeal gill slits post-anal tail |
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What is the 'ideal chordate'?
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cephalochordate
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Why is cephalochordate the ideal chordate?
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has all four chordate characteristics during adulthood
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Humans and apes probably represent different branches of evolution from __.
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common ancestors
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As humans diverged from other primates, what trait appeared first?
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bipedal locomotion
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How are primates different from all other mammals?
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opposable thumbs in many species
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Why are some nutrients considered 'essential' in the diets of certain animals?
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the animal's bodies cannot manufacture them
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What is a nonessential amino acid?
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can be made by the animal from other substances
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What is the function of the epiglottis in mammals?
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prevents food from entering the trachea
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where does enzymatic digestion of proteins begin?
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stomach
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What chemical breaks down proteins in the stomach?
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pepsin
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Proteins are digested in the stomach, and digestion continues in the __.
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small intestine
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What is the function of the pancreas?
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produces an alkaline solution rich in bicarbonates and enzymes
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In humans, a digestive juice with a pH of 2 probably comes from which organ?
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the stomach
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What is the pH of the digestive juice in the stomach?
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2
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What kinds of molecules begin digestion in the mouth?
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carbohydrates
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Where is bile manufactured?
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liver
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What is the function of bile?
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emulsifies fats; detergent
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Where does digestion of carbohydrates occur?
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mouth
small intestine |
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Where does digestion of protein occur?
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stomach
small intestine |
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Where does nucleic acid digestion occur?
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small intestine
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Where does fat digestion occur?
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lumen of small intestine only
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What are the four stages of food processing?
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ingestion
digestion absorption elimination |
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What term could best be described as absorbed nutrients?
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monomers
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In which animal does only intracellular digestion occur?
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sponges
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What is the function of the pancreas?
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secretes buffers to neutralize chime that enters the small intestine
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What organ secretes buffers to neutralize chime that enters the small intestine?
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pancreas
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What is the function of bile?
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break down fats
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What breaks down fats in the small intestine?
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lipase
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Where is lipase found?
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small intestine
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What is the function of lipase?
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break down fats
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Nucleic acids are digested entirely in which organ?
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small intestine
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What enzyme begins to break down carbs in the mouth?
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amylase
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Where is amylase found?
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mouth
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Enzymatic digestion in the stomach occurs by __.
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pepsin
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Pepsin is converted to __ in the stomach.
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pepsinogen
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villi
microvilli lacteals blood vessels Where are all of these found? |
small intestine
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Where are lacteals found?
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small intestine
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Where are villi found?
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small intestin
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Where are microvilli found?
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small intestine
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During the process of human digestion, most nutrients are absorbed across the epithelium of which organ?
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small intestine
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What is the route that food takes through a human body?
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pharynx - esophagus - stomach - small intestine
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What are four functions of saliva?
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kill bacteria
pH buffer enzymatic digestion protect soft lining of the mouth |
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Where is hemoglobin located?
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red blood cells
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What is the function of hemoglobin?
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transports O2
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What is contained in human blood plasma?
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ions
pH buffers water vitamins |
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Why is double circuit circulation important?
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extra pumping is needed to support requirements for energy
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How many atria and ventricles are in the amphibian, three-chambered heart?
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two atria
one ventricle |
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Which is thicker:
arteries veins |
arteries
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What is the death of cardiac muscle called?
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heart attack
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Cancerous stem cells produce leukocytes that crowd out erythrocytes - what is this called?
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leukemia
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What is a genetic mutation to steps of the clotting process?
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hemophilia
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What is the death of nervous tissue in the brain called?
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stroke
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What is caused by a build-up of cholesterol in arteries?
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atherosclerosis
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Which animals use gills?
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fish
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Gas exchange through diffusion across a cell membrane occurs in which animals?
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flatworms
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Which animals use a tracheal system?
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terrestrial arthropods
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Which animals have a bronchus and alveoli?
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mammals
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Which animals have book lungs?
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spiders
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What animals are associated with pulmocutaneous gas exchange?
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amphibians
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What characteristic do all gas exchange systems of animals have in common?
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exchange surfaces must be kept moist
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What are two advantages of bipedalism?
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requires less energy
forelimbs are free to carry things |
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What are three characteristics that primates have as a result of having an arboreal ancestor?
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better hand-eye coordination
opposable thumbs jointed fingers |
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What is an advantage of opposable thumbs?
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grip objects
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What is an advantage of jointed fingers?
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dexterity
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What is the function of respiratory media?
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provide oxygen to organisms
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What are two respiratory media/
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water
air |
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What is the function of a respiratory surface?
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take in O2 and give off CO2
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What are two examples of a respiratory surface?
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alveoli
gills |
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How is surface area increased in gills?
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feather-like projections
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How is surface are increased in alveoli?
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clustered together
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What is the function of the systemic circuit?
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supplies blood to the organs and limbs
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What is the function of the pulmonary circuit?
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oxygenates blood by sending it to the heart
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Why is a single-circuit circulatory system sufficient for fish?
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fish are small and not complex
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What is the circuit of blood in a single-circuit circulatory system?
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heart - gills - body - heart
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What is ingestion?
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food is taken into the oral cavity and extracellular digestion begins
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What is digestion?
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food is broken down into monomers and smaller polymers
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What is absorption?
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monomers and polymers are taken into capillaries and lacteals, and will then be transported via the blood to other areas of the body
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What is elimination?
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unused and undigested food is eliminated from the body
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What are four things that muscles contain?
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myofibrils
myofilaments sarcomeres nuclei |
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What is a unit of muscle contraction called?
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sarcomere
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What are four things that are important for a muscle contraction?
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muscle proteins
tropomyosin sarcomere ATP |
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Which ion reacts with the troponin complex to expose the myosin binding site?
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calcium
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What are antagonistic muscles?
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While one contracts, another relaxes
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What kind of skeleton do humans, sponges, sea urchins and fish have?
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endoskeleton
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How is motility achieved in echinoderms?
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tube feet
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What kind of coelom do echindoerms have?
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true coelom
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What phylum has an endoskeleton of hard, calcareous plates?
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echinoderm
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What does the water vascular system of echinoderms function in?
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locomotion
feeding gas exchange |
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Chordate pharyngeal slits appear to have functioned first as what?
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suspension-feeding devices
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What are sea squirts?
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urochordates
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Which animal has an incurrent and excurrent siphon?
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urochordate
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How do urochordates attain nutrients?
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sessile
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Describe the urochordate digestive system.
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complete - mouth, stomach, anus
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Which chordate characteristic persists in adult urochordates?
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pharyngeal gill slits
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In what phylum did pharyngeal gill slits originate?
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chordata
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What are craniates?
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all animals that have a head
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What is the connection between cephalization, craniates and non-craniates?
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Craniates are more highly cephalized than non-craniates.
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Are all craniates vertebrates?
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no
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What animal has no external segmentation, no scales and a round mouth surrounded by a sucker?
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lamprey
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In which class is there evidence that jaws first evolved?
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chondrichthyes
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What class are lung fish a part of?
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dipnoi
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What class are snakes a part of?
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reptilia
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What class is associated with hair?
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mammals
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What class contains tetrapods with two life-stages?
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amphibia
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What class are dinosaurs part of?
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reptilia
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What class has an amniotic egg and scaly skin made of keratin/
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reptilia
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What class is associated with an operculum?
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actinopterygii
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In what class does gas exchange occur in both skin and lungs?
|
amphibia
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What class contains monotremes?
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mammalia
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What class has a cartilaginous skeleton?
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chondrichthyes
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What class do birds belong to?
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reptilia
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What class are salamanders and frogs a part of?
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amphibia
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What class do sharks belong to?
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chondrichthyes
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What class has teeth differentiation/
|
mammalia
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The jaws of vertebrates were derived by modification of what?
|
skeletal rods that supported pharyngeal gill slits
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What characteristic is common to both chondrichthyes and osteichthyes?
|
lateral line system sensitive to changes in water pressure
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Are amphibians considered amniotes?
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no - their eggs are placed in water
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Why is the amniotic egg an important evolutionary breakthrough?
|
allows the embryo to develop in a terrestrial environment
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Which extant animal is most closely related to dinosaurs?
|
birds
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Archaeopteryx and extant birds have what in common/
|
feathers
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Put these in order:
amniotic egg mammary glands jaws bony skeleton four limbs/feet with digits |
jaws
bony skeleton four limbs/feet with digits amniotic egg mammary glands |
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What does the axial skeleton consist of?
|
vertebrae
skull ribs |
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What does the axial skeleton protect?
|
heart
lungs brain |
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What does the appendicular skeleton contain?
|
pectoral girdle
pelvic girdle limbs |
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What are two mammalian characteristics?
|
mammary glands
differentiated teeth |
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What structural adaptations occured in the bodies of animals that moved to land?
|
stronger skeletons for support and protection
efficient urinary system to balance water and salts, prevent desiccation |
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What did gnathostomes develop?
|
jaws
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What were gnathostomes?
|
plated marine animals
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What did tetrapods develop?
|
four limbs
|
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What could the tetrapod limbs be used for?
|
land locomotion
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What did amniotes develop?
|
amniotic egg
|
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Describe:
Monotreme Marsupial Eutherians |
hatch from eggs outside of the body
embryos develop in the womb, then develops in a pouch while attached to a nipple embryo develops completely in the womb |
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What is maintaining the steady-state balance of the internal environment of an animals body known as?
|
homeostasis
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What is homestasis regulated by?
|
nervous system
hormones |
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What maintains internal body temperatures within a range?
|
thermoregulation
|
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What maintains solute (ions) balance and gain and loss of water?
|
osmoregulation
|
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What is the purpose of excretion?
|
get rid of nitrogenous wastes
|
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What animals are thermoregulators?
|
mammals
birds |
|
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What animals are osmoregulators?
|
salmon (salt water, fresh water)
|
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What animals are conformers?
|
cnidarians; conform to a particular range of salinity
|
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What is a negative feedback mechanism?
|
corrects deviation from a range
|
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What are two negative feedback mechanisms?
|
shivering
panting |
|
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When a deviation from a set point leads to an increasing change - what is this called?
|
positive feedback mechanism
|
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What are some positive feedback mechanisms?
|
milk production
pepsinogen production in the stomach |
|
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What is passive diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane called?
|
osmosis
|
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How much energy does osmosis require?
|
none
|
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What proteins does water pass through a membrane in osmosis?
|
aquaporins
|
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Hyperosmotic cells contain ___ solutes than their surroundings.
|
more
|
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Hypoosmotic cells contain __ solutes than their surroundings/
|
less
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Isoosmotic cells contain ___ solutes than their surroundings.
|
equal amounts
|
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Most marine invertebrates are osmoconformers, meaning that they are ___ to their environment.
|
isoosmotic
|
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When a cell is isoosmotic, water moves __ through the cell and environment/
|
freely
|
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Marine animals that must osmoregulate are generally __ to their environment.
|
hypoosmotic
|
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How do sharks remove excess salts from their bodies?
|
kidneys
|
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How do marine birds remove salts?
|
glands in nostrils
|
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Salt water bony fish are ___ to their environment.
|
hypoosmotic
|
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Salt water bony fish excrete __ amounts of ____ to conserve water
|
small
concentrated urine |
|
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Fresh water bony fish are __ to their environment.
|
hyperosmotic
|
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Fresh water bony fish excrete __ amounts of ____
|
large
dilute urine |
|
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Terrestrial animals conserve water by ...
|
drinking more, eating moist food
skin recycle water posture behavior (nocturnal_ |
|
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What is the function of excretory systems?
|
Get rid of excess salts, nitrogenous wastes, and water
|
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What does urine usually contain?
|
excessive salts
water nitrogenous wastes |
|
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What does the inorganic form of urine contain?
|
ammonia
|
|
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What does the organic form of urine contain?
|
urea
uric acid |
|
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When is it possible for animals to excrete ammonia?
|
when in the presence of large amounts of water
|
|
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How does ammonia leave fish in aquatic environments?
|
diffuses across cell membranes to dilute
|
|
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How is Urea formed?
|
combines with carbon dioxide in the liver
|
|
|
List the three forms of excretion from least energy costly, to most.
|
Ammonia
urea uric acid |
|
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Uric acid is excreted as a ___.
|
thick paste
|
|
|
What are the benefits of excreting uric acid?
|
conserves water
least toxic |
|
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What are nephridia?
|
invertebrate organs which remove metabolic wastes from the animal's body
|
|
|
What is a nephridiopore?
|
opening to the environment
|
|
|
How do planarians get rid of wastes/
|
waste diffuses across the skin into the environment
|
|
|
What is the name of the system that removes metabolic waste from planarians?
|
protonephridia
|
|
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What is the name of the system that removes metabolic waste from annelida?
|
metanephridia
|
|
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What animal are flame bulbs associated with?
|
planarians
|
|
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How do annelids get rid of wastes?
|
openings to the environment
|
|
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How do terrestrial arthropods, such as grasshoppers, get rid of waste?
|
malpighian tubules
|
|
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What artery supplies the kidney with blood?
|
renal
|
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Where does urea collect in the kidney?
|
renal pelvis
|
|
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What is the outer region of the nephron called?
And the inner region? |
renal cortex
medula |
|
|
What is the glomerulus?
|
ball of capillaries
|
|
|
What is the flow of blood in the kidneys?
|
Proximal tubule
Loop of Henle, ascending; descending Distal tubule into the collecting duct |
|
|
Urea drains from the kidney into the bladder via the ___.
|
ureter
|
|
|
Which nephrons are the longer of the two?
shorter? |
juxtamedullary
cortical |
|
|
What animals contain juxtamedullary nephrons?
Why? |
birds
mammals concentrated urine; terrestrial environment |
|
|
When the head of a sperm contacts the jelly coat of an egg, what reaction takes place?
|
acrosomal
|
|
|
What is the function of the acrosomal reaction?
|
digest the jelly coat of an egg in order for the sperm to implant genetic material
|
|
|
What is the function of the cortical reaction?
|
to harden the outside of the egg in order to avoid polyspermy
|
|
|
What is the vegetal pole?
|
yolky pole of an egg; cells divide slowly
|
|
|
What is the animal pole?
|
area in an egg where cells divide rapidly to develop into an animal
|
|
|
What is organogenesis?
|
development of internal organs
|
|
|
In which animal does a primitive streak form during gastrulation?
|
chick
|
|
|
In which animal do the cells migrate during gastrulation?
|
chick
|
|
|
How many parents are involved in asexual reproduction?
|
one
|
|
|
What animal reproduces asexually?
|
sponge
|
|
|
How does asexual reproduction occur (meiosis, mitosis)?
|
mitosis
|
|
|
What is significant about the genes of an offspring which has been produced asexually?
|
clone of the parent
|
|
|
How does sexual reproduction occur?
|
union of the gametes
|
|
|
What is an advantage of sexual reproduction?
|
genetic diversity
|
|
|
What are four types of asexual reproduction?
|
Fission
Budding Fragmentation/regeneration Cloning |
|
|
What is fission?
|
one animal divides into two or more
|
|
|
What animal reproduces using fission?
|
sea anemone
|
|
|
How does budding occur?
|
new individuals split off from the parent
|
|
|
Which animals reproduce using budding?
|
cnidarians
tunicates |
|
|
Which animals reproduce by fragmentation and regeneration?
|
Sponges, cnidarians, some annelids, tunicates
|
|
|
What are three advantages of asexual reproduction?
|
no need for a mate
quick production of offspring can colonize quickly |
|
|
What is parthenogenesis?
|
the egg develops without being fertilized
|
|
|
How many sets of chromosomes do offspring produced by parthenogenesis have?
|
can be haploid or diploid
|
|
|
What is special about wrasses (fish)?
|
hermaphroditic; when male dies a female becomes male
|
|
|
What are three traits specific to internal sexual reproduction?
|
◦Requires specific signals
◦Cooperation ◦Complex reproductive systems |
|
|
What is necessary for external sexual reproduction?
|
timing
precise environment |
|
|
What are three factors that can enhance external fertilization?
|
courtship behaviors
pheromones temperature |
|
|
Which kind of fertilization produces fewer offspring?
|
internal
|
|
|
What are some advantages of internal fertilization?
|
more protection (eggshell, womb)
more parental care |
|
|
What is the function of the testes?
|
produce gametes
|
|
|
What is the function of Leydig cells?
|
secrete hormones and testosterone
|
|
|
Where are sperm produced?
|
testes
|
|
|
Where do sperm develop and become motile?
|
epididymus
|
|
|
The fluid produced in the seminal vesicle contains what?
|
•Mucus, sugar (fructose)
•Coagulating enzyme •Ascorbic acid |
|
|
Fluid secreted by the prostate gland contains what?
|
•Thin fluid, milky, anticoagulant enzymes
•Nutrient (citrate) |
|
|
What do the bulborethral glands do?
|
Secretes clear mucus to neutralize any acidic urine in the urethra
|
|
|
What is the name of the fluid that is ejaculated?
|
semen
|
|
|
Why doesn't blood drain from the penis when erect?
|
pressure seals veins
|
|
|
__ skin covers the shaft of the penis and __ skin covers the head of the penis.
|
thick
thin |
|
|
What can cause temporary impotence?
|
drugs
alcohol emotional problems |
|
|
What can cause permanent impotence?
|
nervous and circulatory system problems
|
|
|
The seminal vesicle creates __ percent of the fluids that are ejaculated.
|
60
|
|
|
What do the ovaries contain?
|
follicles (cells)
|
|
|
How many follicles (cells) are produced before birth in the ovaries?
|
400,000
|
|
|
What is ovulation?
|
the release of a mature follicle during ovulation
|
|
|
What helps pull the egg into the oviduct?
|
cilia
|
|
|
The uterus __ during pregnancy to hold a __ pound fetus.
|
expands
7 |
|
|
Why don't men produce milk?
|
low estrogen levels
lower fat deposits nipples not connected to ducts |
|
|
Mammary glands are composed of ___ tissue.
___ tissue forms the rest of the breasts. |
epithelial
adipose |
|
|
What are the phases of sexual response in humans?
|
excitement
plateau orgasm resolution |
|
|
What happens in the excitement phase?
|
erection
vaginal lubrication |
|
|
What happens in the plateau phase?
|
uterus elevates
forms a depression for sperm |
|
|
What happens during the orgasm phase?
|
◦Rhythmic, involuntary contractions for both sexes
◦Male Contraction of glands forces semen into the urethra Contraction of urethra expels semen ◦Female Uterus and outer vagina contract |
|
|
What happens during the resolution phase?
|
reverses responses
|
|
|
How much semen enters the vagina during sex?
|
2-5 ml
|
|
|
How many sperm are in one mL?
|
50-130 million
|
|
|
Semen is alkaline so that
|
it can neutralize the acidic vaginal environment
|
|
|
Semen first __ to move along easier; then __ so sperm can swim
|
coagulates
liquefies |
|
|
What is contraception?
|
deliberate prevention of pregnancy
|
|
|
What are three ways to achieve contraception?
|
Preventing release of sex cells
Keeping the sex cells apart Preventing implantation of embryo |
|
|
What type of contraception is the "rhythm method"?
|
abstinence
|
|
|
Using the rhythm method, how is it possible to determine when to have sex?
|
monitoring temperature or changes in vaginal mucus
|
|
|
What are barrier methods of contraception?
|
block sperm from egg
|
|
|
What is a diaphragm?
|
dome shaped rubber cup inserted into the vagina before intercourse
|
|
|
What is coitus interuptus?
|
withdrawl method of contraception
|
|
|
How do intrauterine devices work?
|
prevents the implantation of the blastocyst
|
|
|
How do birth control pills work?
|
prevent the release of hormones that stimulate follicle development
|
|
|
What is a tubal ligation?
|
tie off the oviduct to prevent the egg from traveling
|
|
|
What is a vasectomy?
|
cut the vas deferens to prevent the sperm from entering the urethra
|
|
|
What are pathogens?
|
disease-causing agents
|
|
|
What are three types of innate defense?
|
epithelial tissue
secretions mucous and cilia |
|
|
What is in the trachea that helps defend against disease?
|
cilia and mucous
|
|
|
How do white blood cells destroy pathogens?
|
phagocytosis
|
|
|
What cells are fast-acting, short lived and make up 60% of white blood cells?
|
neutrophils
|
|
|
What engulfs dead neutrophils, becomes a macrophage and constitute 5% of white blood cells?
|
monocytes
|
|
|
What attacks larger parasites?
|
eosinophils
|
|
|
How do eosinophils attack parasites?
|
shoot enzymes that destroy their outer covering
|
|
|
What cells give off chemicals that stimulate the development of acquired immunity?
|
dentritic
|
|
|
What cells ingest microbes?
|
dentritic
|
|
|
What do interferons do?
|
protect against viruses
|
|
|
infected cells secrete ___ which
induce uninfected cells to produce chemicals that inhibit reproduction of the virus |
interferons
|
|
|
What is the inflammatory response?
|
when you get a cut, arterioles dilate and blood flows to the area
|
|
|
Why is a fever beneficial?
|
speeds up phagocytosis
increases repair reactions some microbes can't tolerate high temps |
|
|
Acquired immunity attacks __ pathogens.
|
specific
|
|
|
__ cells are __ that recognize specific pathogens by ___ on the pathogens
|
T & B
lymphocytes chemicals |
|
|
What is an antigen?
|
foreign body that causes a response in the lymphocytes
|
|
|
B & T cells are produced by __ in __.
|
stem cells
bone marrow |
|
|
Where do T cells develop?
|
thymus
|
|
|
Where do B cells develop?
|
bone marrow
|
|
|
What are antigens recognized by?
|
B and T cells
|
|
|
T cells are cytotoxic. This means that they act on a pathogen ___.
|
directly
|
|
|
Helper T cells elicit a response from __ cells.
|
B
|
|
|
B cells produce proteins called ___.
|
antibodies
|
|
|
How do antibodies work?
|
they bind to pathogens and immobilize them
|
|
|
How long does a primary response take?
|
10-17 days
|
|
|
How long does a secondary response take?
|
2-7 days
|
|
|
What kind of cells are used in the primary response?
|
effector
|
|
|
What kind of cells are used in the secondary response?
|
memory cells
|
|
|
Hypersensitive or exaggerated response to environmental antigens - what is this called?
|
allergy
|
|
|
What is anaphylactic shock?
|
histamine release is extreme; blood pressure lowers considerably and may not flow
|
|
|
What are some autoimmune diseases?
|
•Lupus
•Rheumatoid arthritis •Diabetes mellitus (insulin dependent) •Multiple sclerosis (MS) |
|
|
What are the symptoms of Lupus?
|
rash
fever arthritis kidney dysfunction |
|
|
What is Rheumatoid arthritis?
|
damage and inflammation of cartilage
|
|
|
What is multiple sclerosis?
|
chronic neurological disease
|
|
|
What happens in Multiple sclerosis?
|
T-cells attack the protective covering (glial cells) of nerve cells
|
|
|
HIV infects ___ cells.
|
T
|
|
|
What causes AIDS?
|
HIV
|
|
|
People with AIDS are susceptible to ___ diseases?
|
opportunistic
|
|
|
What is a virus?
|
An RNA or DNA core with a protein coat
|
|
|
Why do retro viruses attack human cells?
|
they cannot live on their own
|
|
|
How do retro viruses reproduce?
|
trick cells into recognizing them and then inject them with DNA; reproduce in cell
|
