Aa Final

Front 1

Plasma Membrane

Back 1

controls entry and exit of substances; receptor proteins function in intercellular communication; marker molecules enable cells to recognize one another

Front 2

Cytoplasm & organelles

Back 2

cytoplasm contains cytosol and organelles. Organelles are specialized structures that perform specific functions

Front 3

Nucleus:

Back 3

directs cell activities, most of which take place in the cytoplasm

Front 4

cytosol

Back 4

site of many chemical reactions

Front 5

• ER

Back 5

extend through the cytoplasm and connect to the plasma membrane/nuclear envelope
fxn: transportation pathway & storage area & is a site of molecule synthesis

Front 6

smooth er

Back 6

site of synthesis of new phospholipids, fatty acids, and STEROID HORMONES, but not proteins
More SER = Cells that make high amounts of LIPIDS

Front 7

rough er

Back 7

contains ribosomes which are the site of protein synthesis
More RER = Cells that make high amounts of PROTEIN

Front 8

ribosome

Back 8

made primarily of rRNA, in 2 subunits- large and small
Small subunit has a mRNA binding site for protein synthesis; both subunits must come together to link the chains of amino acids into PROTEINS

Front 9

Gogli apparatus

Back 9

Modifies, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids for secretion or internal use

Front 10

• Lysosome

Back 10

Contains digestive enzymes

Front 11

• Peroxisome

Back 11

contain enzymes that break down f.a. and a.a.

Front 12

• Centrosome

Back 12

element near the nucleus that is involved in cell division

Front 13

• nucleus

Back 13

control center of cell; DNA within nucleus regulates protein (e.g. enzyme) synthesis and therefore the chemical rxns of the cell

Front 14

• Proteins

Back 14

nitrogen containing organic (carbon containing) compounds that are made of amino acids
hormones

Front 15

structural/functional role of proteins

Back 15

Structural role: gives strengths and shape to different tissues
Functional roles: control cell metabolism, include enzymes, antibodies, and glycoprotein

Front 16

4 tissue types

Back 16

1. Epithelial – covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, cavities and ducts. Forms glands
2. Connective – protects and supports the body/organs, bind organs together, store energy reserves as fat (adipose)
3. Muscle – generates force to allow body movement
4. Nervous – sensitive to and responsive to changes in homeostasis by generating nerve impulses

Front 17

properties of 4 tissue types

Back 17

CT is usually vascular, with space between the cells, epithelial cells are usually touching with no blood vessels, muscle tissue is contractile and can react to nervous stimulation, nervous tissue can carry action potentials.

Front 18

what makes up osteon

Back 18

• Osteocytes occupy spaces in the concentric layers (LAMELLAE) of bone called LACUNAE (lacuna singular)
• Lacunae have processes (CANALICULI) that radiate out through the layers, and connect the cells
• Canaliculi eventually join together forming a canal system in the hard bone

Front 19

smoking and bone health

Back 19

Don’t smoke = 5cm bone = 10 months
Do smoke = 5 cm bone = 15 months
Used to smoke = 5 cm bone = 13.6 months

Front 20

functional classification of joints

Back 20

synarthritic
amphiarthritic
diarthritic

Front 21

structural classification of joints

Back 21

• Fibrous joints: No synovial cavity; the bones in these jointsare held together by fibrous connective tissue (collagen fibers). SYN+AMPHIARTHROSIS
• Cartilaginous joints: No synovial cavity; the bones in these joints are held together by cartilage. SYN+AMPHIARTHROSES
• Synovial joints: Yes! These have a synovial cavity; the bones are linked by dense irregular connective tissue of an articular capsule DIARTHROSIS

Front 22

3 movements of synovial joints

Back 22

-gliding: the simplest of the movements; nearly flat surfaces of two bones slip across each other.
-Angular Movements: change the angle between two bones. (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction).
-Rotation: when a bone rotates around its long axis.

Front 23

• Ball and socket

Back 23

spherical head of one bone fits into the round socket of another bone ~ universal movement ~ multiaxial

Front 24

skeletal muscle

Back 24

Moves the skeleton
Somatic nerve system; voluntary ~40% of body weight
- multinucleated, striated

Front 25

smooth muscle

Back 25

Occupies the walls of our hollow organs [Ex. Stomach, bladder, blood vessels, uterus]
Autonomic nervous system; involuntary - not striated
- only a single, oval nucleus

Front 26

cardiac muscle

Back 26

ONLY occurs in the walls of the HEART
Provides major force for moving blood through the blood vessels Autonomic nerve system; involuntary - striated
- uni or binucleated
- cells are joined together via intercalated disks

Front 27

type 1 slow twitch

Back 27

Dominant in muscles that help to maintain posture

Maintenance of posture and performance of endurance activities

Front 28

ATP in type 1 slow twitch

Back 28

high atp
high fatigue resistance
aerobic

Front 29

Type II a fast twitch oxidative fibers

Back 29

Fairly fatigue resistant, fair atp
aerobic
high glycogen

Front 30

Type II b fast twitch glycolytic fibers

Back 30

low atp, not fatigue resistant
anaerobic
high glycogen

Front 31

neuromuscular junction

Back 31

The structural point of contact and functional site of communication between the motor neuron and the muscle

Front 32

o Motor end plate

Back 32

is the region of the sarcolemma that is opposite of the synaptic bulb
o ACh receptors at the motor end plate are in the sarcolemma- so that way the muscle action potential can spread across the muscle fiber as well (and through the T-tubules)

Front 33

difference between the CNS and PNS.

Back 33

• CNS = Brain + Spinal cord
• PNS = nerves and ganglia that send information to and receive information from CNS [sensory, motor, other]

Front 34

parts of a neuron.

Back 34

• Dendrites = the receiving or input portions of a neuron. Short, tapering and branched
• Cell body = nucleus with organelles in cytoplasm.
• Axon = propagates impulses towards another neuron (or effector). Long thin and cylindrical.

Front 35

general function for each hemisphere of the brain

Back 35

• The L hemisphere is involved with reasoning, numerical & scientific skills, spoken and written language.
• The R hemisphere is involved in musical & artistic awareness, space & pattern perception, generating emotional content of language, odor discrimination, & recognition of facial emotion

Front 36

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Back 36

sympathetic = epinephrine and norepinephrine

Front 37

2. You should know the path of blood flow into through and out of the heart and lungs

Back 37

• Superior vena cava or inferior vena cava or coronary sinus  R atrium  tricuspid valve  R ventricle (contract)  pulmonary valve  pulmonary trunk (splits)  pulmonary arteries  lung (gas exchange, OXYGENATED!)  pulmonary veins  L atrium  mitral valve  L ventricle (contract)  aortic valve  aorta  body

Front 38

Acquired immunity

Back 38

develops in response to particular pathogens; this happens over time

T cells & B cells

Front 39

Innate immunity

Back 39

Present at birth & includes mechanisms that provide immediate but general protection against invasion by range of pathogens

Granulocytes & macrophages

Front 40

• Lymph flows from

Back 40

• Lymph flows from intercellular spaces  lymphatic capillaries  larger lymphatics (through various lymph nodes)  thoracic duct  ULTIMATELY lymph enters the blood stream @ subclavian vein near the heart

Front 41

7. You should know that the spleen helps to filter blood.

Back 41

7. You should know that the spleen helps to filter blood.

Front 42

pathway of air from mouth / nose to lungs.

Back 42

• Air  nostril  nasal concha  nasopharynx  laryngopharynx  larynx  vocal folds  trachea  primary bronchi  secondary bronchi  tertiary bronchi  bronchioles  terminal bronchioles  respiratory bronchioles  alveoli (gas exchange oxygen and carbon monoxide with blood)

Front 43

pathway of food in the digestive system

Back 43

• Mouth  esophagus  esophageal sphincter  stomach  pyloric sphincter  duodenum  jejunum  ileum  cecum  ascending colon  transverse colon  ascending colon  sigmoid colon  rectum

Front 44

what happens at the villus

Back 44

• The lamina propria makes up the core of each fingerlike villus and the surface is covered by microvilli
• Within the lamina propria are: arteriole, venule, capillaries, and a lacteal
• The lacteal (lymph vessel) functions in fatty acid absorption
• The intestinal crypts (glands) form at the base of villus
• The villi also contain many mucus producing goblet cells

Front 45

3. You should know the major function of the liver, gallbladder, & pancreas

Back 45

• Liver: CHO, FAT & PRO metabolism; synthesis of bile salts; excretion of bilirubin; processing of drugs and hormones; storage; activation of vitamin D; phagocytosis
• Gallbladder: store and concentrates bile
• Pancreas: secrete insulin and glucagon