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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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composition of the plasma membrane |
double layer of phospholipids proteins: scattered within the membrane; some attached others float glycocalyx: cabs that participate in cell-cell recognition (Personal ID card for cell) |
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What specialization may exist on the plasma membrane? |
It is selectively permeable |
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Advantages of selective permeability |
-most harmful agents can't enter cell -good things (nutrients, etc) can enter cell -do not need to expend energy to let in molecules -maintains balance within the cell |
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Disadvantages of selective permeability |
-Some harmful agents can still get through -Some good things can't get through unless specifically transported in -requires energy to transport certain things |
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microvili |
numerous, tiny thin plasma membrane fold |
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function of microvili |
increase surface area of membrane for increased absorption or secretion |
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cilia |
larger, hair-like projections (larger than microvili) |
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function of cilia |
move substances over a cell surface |
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mitochondria |
Makes ATP Power house of the cell |
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Is MtDNA inherited from the mother or father? |
mom, head of sperm contains no mitochondria |
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Do active or inactive cells have more mitochondria? |
Active |
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Ribosomes |
involved in protein synthesis |
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how many different types of ribosomes are there, and what do they do? |
1. Free ribosomes: make protein used within the cell 2. Ribosomes attached to Rough ER: primarily makes proteins for plasma membrane/ proteins to be exported outside cell |
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
ribosomes on walls to make it have a rough appearance synthesizes and distributes PROTEINS |
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
has no ribosomes Synthesizes LIPIDS detoxifies drugs and alcohol |
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What organs have A LOT of smooth endoplasmic reticulum? |
liver adrenal glands |
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Lysosomes |
contain digestive enzymes "garbage men" of the cells |
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Tay Sachs Disease |
lysosomal enzymes missing or dysfunctional build up of waste in cells including nerve ells leads to nervous system and mental deterioration death by age 4-6 |
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centrioles |
involved in cell division pair of rod-like structures |
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nucleolus |
makes parts that form ribosomes
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what type of cells have a nucleolus? |
active |
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Does a motor neuron have a nucleolus? |
Yes |
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Does a sperm cell have a nucleolus? |
No, because it doesn't make any proteins |
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Do oocytes have a nucleolus? |
Yes |
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Do muscle cells have a nucleolus? |
Yes, they look like small dots in the nucleus |
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what are the two types of cells? |
sex (oocytes and sperm) and somatic (all other cells) |
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What are the two basic phases of the cell cycle? |
Interphase (cell not dividing) |
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What is the first phase of mitosis? |
Prophase |
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What happens in prophase? |
DNA in the form of replicated (Double stranded) chromosomes 2 sister chromatids joined at centromere break down of nuclear envelope |
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What is a chromatid? |
each half of the replicated chromosome |
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what two places do spindle fibers attach? |
centrioles chromatids |
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what is the second phase of mitosis? |
metaphase |
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What happens in metaphase? |
chromosomes align on the center of the cell (equatorial plate) |
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What is the third phase of mitosis? |
Anaphase |
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What happens in anaphase? |
spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart and they split apart at the centromere |
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Once the sister chromatids split apart in mitosis, what are they called? |
single stranded chromosomes |
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What is the fourth phase of mitosis? |
Telophase |
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What happens in telophase |
nuclear envelope reforms cleavage furrow develops two new identical daughter cells develop cytokinesis occurs |
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Meiosis definition |
cell division where gametes are formed |
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differences between mitosis and meiosis |
mitosis produces 2 cells with 46 chromosomes meiosis produces 4 cells with 23 chromosomes mitosis daughter cells are genetically identical meiosis daughter cells are genetically varied mitosis cells are diploid meiosis cells are haploid |
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Replicated (double stranded) chromosome |
two sister chromatids joined at the centromere |
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pair of chromosomes |
homologous maternal and paternal chromosomes |
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homologous chromosomes |
contain genes that code for the same cellular functions |
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single stranded chromosome |
consists of single chromatid and centromere |
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what happens in interphase |
DNA is replicated |
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What happens in Prophase I in meiosis? |
homologous double stranded chromosomes pair up crossing over |
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How does crossing over relate to genetic diversity? |
Shuffled genetic material creates a different individual from the parents |
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What happens in Metaphase I? |
pairs of homologous chromosomes form two lines in the middle of the cell spindle fibers attach to chromosomes |
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How is metaphase I in meiosis different for metaphase in mitosis? |
There are pairs in meiosis that line up. In mitosis, it is a single line of chromosomes |
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What happens in Anaphase I? |
pairs of homologous chromosomes are separated, and pulled to opposite ends of the cell each chromosome is still replicated |
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What happens in telophase I? |
two new cells are formed, each containing 23 chromosomes |
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What happens in prophase II? |
replicated chromosomes gather together |
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what happens in metaphase II? |
replicated chromosomes line up on the equatorial plate spindle fibers attach to both sister chromatids |
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What happens in anaphase II? |
sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite ends of the cell become single stranded chromosomes |
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What happens in telophase II? |
4 cells are produced, each with 23 single stranded chromosomes |
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What are the cells produced at the end of telophase II called? |
gametes |
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What is nondisjunction? |
a proces by which the chromatids fail to properly separate during meiosis |
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What is monosomy? |
absence of one of the two sets of chromosomes |
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what is trisomy? |
three (instead of two) sets of a chromosome |
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What is trisomy 21? |
down syndrome |
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Which statement is true about the plasma membrane? A. it is primarily composed of a triple layer of carbohydrates B. all materials may easily pass through the cell membrane C. All plasma membranes contain microvili D. Some proteins are scattered within and "float" E. None of the above |
D is correct B is false because it is selectively permeable C is false because it can have microvili, cilia, or neither |
