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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Apanage
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A royal grant of land, made by medieval kings of France to younger sons and brothers, that would revert to the crown if the male line of succession failed. Apanages were semi-independant, with their duke having many regional rights of taxation, justice and governance.
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Apostles
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A select group of men commissioned from Christ to spread the Gospel. These included eleven of the original twelve disciples as well as St Paul and others.
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Aposolic succession
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The original commission from Christ was said to pass down to others through the laying on of hands. So the popes received their commission directly from St Peter and passed it on to archbishops and bishops.
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Archbishopric
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The office of an archbishop or his area of jurisdiction.
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Aristocracy
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Generally considered to be the upper class of society and to include members of the peerage and the upper gentry (especially those who are knighted)
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Bastard feudalism
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A social system wherby the powerful bound ment to their service for a given time in exchange for a fee, a uniform and lodging. Also known as 'good lordship' and 'livery and maintenance'.
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Benefice
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A living made through the church.
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Bishopric
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The office of a bishop or his area of jurisdiction.
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Black Death
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Waves of bubonic and pneumonic plague that spread across Europe in the mid fourteenth century, peaking in the years 1348-49.
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Book of hours
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Personal devotional book, often quite small and highly decorated, containing prayers to be said in private worship throughout the day, alongside (often) a calendar of saints' days, psalms and other readings.
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Cadet
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Junior, often applied to branches of a family descended from younger sons.
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Cathars
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Held dualist beliefs in which a good spiritual world was paralleled by a carnal, physical world of evil.
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Churchwardens
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customarily the rector of vicar of the parish selected one churchwarden and the people of the parish another on an annual basis to see the good running of the church. Churchwardens were responsible for responding to the bishop's and archdeacon's visitations of the parish, for collecting dues, etc. In some places female heads of household were eligable for this office. In any event, the churchwardens' wives assisted their husbands.
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Clergy
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The first, or spiritual, estate. It is usualy divided into the secular clergy and the regular clergy. Secular clergy include all archbishops, bishops, archdeacons, deans, priests, deacons and subdeacons who do not belong to a monastic order. Secular clegy are also divided horizontally into upper clergy (archbishops, bishops, archdeacons, deans) and lower clergy (priests, deacons, subdeacons who serve as parish priests, rectors and vicars, and often as schoolmasters, etc). Regular clergy include all monks, friars and nuns who follow a 'rule' such as that of St Francis or St Augustine. Regular clegy are also divided horizontally into upper clergy (abbots, priors, abesses and prioresses) and lower clergy (monks, friars, nuns)
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Clerk
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Normally used to mean an ordained priest of deacon (i.e. clerk in holy orders). many did perform administrative duties of the type performed in modern society by minor civil servants or clerks.
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Communion in one kind
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In the Catholic Church, at Communion, both consecrated bread and wine were blessed by the priest but only bread was offered to the laity.
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Communion in two (or both) kinds
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In Protestant churches, at Communion, both consecrated bread and wine were offered to the laity.
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Conciliar Movement
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A fifteenth-century movement to rule the Catholic Church through general councils. It was seen as a threat by the papacy (coucilarism)
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Creed
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A statement of belief. Taken from the Latin for 'I believe'
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Crusades
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Holy wars called or authourised by the papacy, which focused chiefly on reposession of the sacred sites in and around Jerusalem in the twelth and thirteenth centuries. Crusades were, however also fought in Islamic Spain and North Africa, agaist pagan populations in the Baltic, and to expatriate heresies in Europe during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries (e.g. against the Waldenses in 1487)
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Deposition
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Removal of the monarch from the throne, e.g. Edward IV in 1470. The term is also used to mean the testimony of a witness in court.
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Diocese
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The church was divided into dioceses. Each diocese was made up of a number of parishes. A bishop headed each diocese and provided pastoral care and discipline. He was aided in this work by archdeacons and rural deans. Although his seat (see) was the cathedral, the cathedral was governed by a dean and chapter.
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Episcopate
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The area of jurisdiction of a bishop; a discese, a collective body or assembly of bishops.
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Estates
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Shorthand for the people of the state. Otherwise, a national or regional representative assembly of the estates, comprising members of the clergy, nobility and representatives of counties and towns from whom consent to general taxation was required. In France, the kingdom-wide assembly was called the estates general.
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Family, extended
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Mostly used by historians to mean the entire family, co-resident or not, including grandparents, parents, uncles, aunts, cousins, distant cousins, adult offspring and grandchildren. Sometimes referred to as 'wider family' or 'kin'.
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Family, Nuclear
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Parents and children who are co-resident.
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Freeman
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A term normally applied to a free peasant, who owned outright (freeholder), or paid cash rent for, the land/property that they occupied and farmed. Sometimes called a franklin.
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Formulary
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A book containing appropriate forms of words for wills, bonds, etc.
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Gothic
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Term coined in late-fifteenth-century Italy to describe the architectural style popular in medieval northern Europe, marked by pointed arches, flying butresses and ribbed vaulting, all of which made possible high, spacious interiors with larger windows and thinner walls (e.g. Westminster Abbey and Saint-Dennis, France).
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Good works
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Included good deeds but also encompassed such things as the endowment for the masses and the performance of the pilgrimages.
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Great Schism
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Between 1305 and 1378 there was a pope in Avignon, France (Clement V, John XXII, Clement VI, Urban V and Gregory XI) who was, in effect a puppet of the French Kings. Then after the election of Urban VI as pope in Rome and the election of Clement VII as pope in Avignon, Catholic Christendom was split into two until 1417, in what came to be called the great Schism.
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Guild or gild
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An association or fraternity. Some were trade associations which, among other things, regulated trading practices and personnel, provided support for the widows and children of members, etc. Others were religious associations.
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Guyenne
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Duchy in the south-west of France, the original capital of which is Bordeaux. Formerly part of the ancient duchy of Aquitaine, held by the kings of England since the mid twelth century, and reduced by treaty in 1259 to Guyenne. Often called Gascony in English-speaking histories.
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Heresy
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Actions or words opposed to those accepted by the church authorities.
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Hundred Years War
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A series of conflicts between England and France, between 1337 and 1453, fought over several dynastic, territorial and commercial rivalries around English landholdings within France. There were four distinct phases punctuated by tense periods of truce; 1337-60; 1369-96; 1415-1420 (Henry V); and 1429-53 (Joan of Arc and French reconquest.
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Inheritance
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Transferance of property, particularly land, to an heir (or hairs) after the death of the holder. In the event of no male issue (son, son's son etc.), freehold lands were ingerited by the surviving daughter(s) of the landowner. If there were more than one daughter (as in the case of the Earl of Warwick), the daughters became co-heiresses and inherited equally.
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Indulgances
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An individual could be granted and indulgance for absolution from sins committed on performance of a 'good work'. Eventually this practice was abused and indulgences were granted in straight exchange for money. This constituted simony.
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Inquisition
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A special ecclesiastical court set up by a pope or a bishop to try supposed heretics.
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Jacquerie
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Peasants' revolt in France in May-June 1358.
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Jubilee Year
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From time to time the popes would declare a jubilee year. If an individual made a pilgrimage to Rome during this year, he or shee would earn indulgences, which they could use to absolve themselves from sins commited without the need for penance
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Justices of the peace
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An ancient county office that by 1320 had become an established part of local government. Justices (JPs) supervised the work of surveyors and otherd; they also had criminal jurisdiction incertain respects (and referred other cases to the assize court) and administrative duties.
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Laity
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Members of the church who do not belong to the clergy.
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Legitimate
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A child born within marriage. Titles and land were passed through inheritance to legitimate heirs and heiresses, so a good deal of importance was placed on descent and contracting marriage with no potential impediments.
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Liturgy
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Forms of public religious service.
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Livery
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A badged uniform.
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Low Countries
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What are today Belgium and the Netherlands.
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Minor
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An individual who had not yet come of age.
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Papal curia
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Court.
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Parish
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Local religious and administrative unit/authourity. Each parish was under the care (cure) of a curate, who was an ordained clegyman (priest). Depending on how he received his income, this priest was known as the rector or vicar. The word 'curate' came to be used for assistants only.
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Parlement
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National or provincial law administering royal/princely justice. The Parlement of Parlis functioned as the supreme law court for the French kingdom in the later Middle Ages, to which litigants could appeal local decisions.
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Parliament
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Representative assembly of th estates of Englan, developed over the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries into an assembly of two houses (Lords and Commons). members of the nobility and higher clergy (the second and first estates) sat in the Lords; the Commons comprised representatives (MPs) of boroughs (towns with a borough charter) and shires (counties). Summoned intermittently by the king for judicial and, increasingly, fiscal functions, as parliament's consent to raise general taxation became essential to fund long periods of war in France and within the British Isles. Parliamentary approval approval of a royal act (ordinance) was not essential to make law, but gave it additional legitimacy (a statute/Act of Parliament).
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Peasant
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A generic term for an agricultural labourer in medieval/early modern Europe, whose status and conditions were extremely variable depending on the location and period. In the early/central Middle Ages (up to the thirteenth century), the majority of peasants were unfree serfs - only a minority of peasants were free; in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, freemen became the majority in France, England and Burgundy.
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Peasants' Revolt
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Popular uprising in southern England in the summer of 1381.
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Pilgrimage
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A visit to a shrine or shrines performed as a 'good work' or as a penance for sins the individual had committed, in order to earn absolution or forgiveness.
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Poll tax
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Taxation on individuals over 16, introduced in England in the late fourteenth century to fund the French wars. The graduated tax of 1379 (a levy calculated on wealth/income) was replaced by a sum per head in 1381 - in which the poorest paid five times more than under the 1379 tax - which led to the Peasants' Revolt.
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Preamble
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The opening paragraph of a will and testament in which the testator bequeaths his soul.
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Pre-Raphaelite
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A term applied to a group of young English artists of the mid nineteenth century who sought to revive the style and simplicity of late medieval painting, prior to the time of Raphael (1483-1520).
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Purgatory
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A place of waiting for the souls of the deceased who could not be admitted to heaven immediately because they had not been absolved of all of their sins. The time in purgatory could be shortened if masses were said on earth for them.
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Redemption
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Brief period (October 1470-May 1471) when Henry VI was restored to the throne of England by the Earl of Warwick.
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Renaissance
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Artistic and intellectual movement that flowered in Italy during the fourteenth, fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and that greatly influenced the styles and ideas of other parts of Europe. Taken from the French for 'rebirth'.
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Retainers
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Men retained (kept in service/paid) by lords, knights or other men of means, either for military employment or provision of any other kind of service.
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Romantics
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people subscribing to Romanticism/the Romantic movement in European culture in the late eighteenth/early nineteenth centuries, with its emphasis on individual freedom, creative imagination, emotional intensity and love of wild nature. The nostalgia of Pre-Rafaelite artists and the Gothic Revival in architecture (Victorian Gothic) are often seen as Romantic.
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Sacraments
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The Catholic Church maintained that there were seven sacraments or outward signs of an inward, invisible grace. These were baptism, confirmation, marriage, holy orders, penance, communion, holy unction (the last rites). Protestant churches rejected most of these, generally retaining only baptism and communion.
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See
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The bishop's seat; used to indicate his office and area of jurisdiction.
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Sepulchre
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Tomb
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Shrine
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A holy place erected to commemorate a saint of Jesus Christ. There would normally be an altar and a reliquary (containing some part of the saint).
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Statute of Labourers
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English Act of Parliament in 1351, which set wages and prices at pre-plague levels and strove to tie labourers to the land (serfdom.
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Statutes of Praemunire
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Acts passed by several late medieval kings of England that forbade judicial appeals to the papacy from English church courts.
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Sumptuary laws
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Passed in several European states in the era after the Black Death in an attempt to regulate the types, colours and cost of clothing that could be worn by various sections/classes of society.
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Testator
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The individual who made a will.
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Three estates
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'those who pray, while others fight, still others labour' The first estate was the clergu, the priests, monks and nuns who looked after the spiritual welfare of society through their ministry and prayer. The second estate was the secular elite, the knights, lords and kings who protected land and people by force of arms. The third estate (over 90% of the population) were those who worked, whether through toil on the land, craft, industry or trade, who supported both the church and the nobility with their labours.
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Trinity
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The division of the Godhead into three equal parts, God the Father, God the Son and God the Holy Spirit or Ghost.
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Valois
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Dynasty (House) of Frnch kings in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Applied also to some cadet brances of the royal family, such as the Valois dukes of Burgundy.
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Vassal
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An individual who owed allegiance to another (a feudal overlord) in return for holding his land, which he might do freely thererafter or under restriction or condition.
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Villein
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A peasant who owed labour duties, crops in kind or other service to their lord in return for the plot of land that they occupied (as opposed to a freeman). The term usually applied to the 'tied' peasants of the later Middle Ages (after the Black Death) in England, to distinguish them from the more restricted serfs of the thirteenth century and earlier. Conditions of villein and serf varied widely across Europe, but most were in some way tied to their lord and his estate, only able to move away, marry or bequeath their tenance with his consent.
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Votive
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Gift made at a shrine.
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Waldensian heresy
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Medieval heresy that began in Lyons. It was characterised by a reliance on vernacular Scriptures, and puritanical and pacific teachings.
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Yeoman
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Originally the owner (freeholder) of a small estate with rights to vote, serve on juries, etc. In fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the term applied more generally to the more prosperous peasants, freeholders and tenants alike.
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