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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Media Representations: Stereotypes Lipman 1922 |
'The little pictures we carry around in our head'
The widely held beliefs about the characteristics of a social group |
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Media Representations: Gender Raewyn Connell 1995 |
Cultural expectations of gender roles in the UK is still the product of hegemonic ideas of how the sexes should behave as adults -Men are 'Breadwinners'. Masculine identity is competitive, aggressive and ambitious -Women have domestic roles. Feminine identity is less rational, more emotional/neurotic |
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Media Representations: Gender Raewyn Connell - Patriarchal Ideology |
Hegemonic gender roles constitute a patriarchal ideology that assumes masculinity is dominant. This idea is transmitted through the family via gender role socialisation and mass media |
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Media Representations: Gender Symbolic annihilation of women |
Describes the way women's achievements are condemned/ignored by the media 1.Women's achievements rarely appear in the news 2.Women's sport coverage is minimal; treated differently to men's. Often subject to male gaze (Duncan + Messner 2005) 3.Men vastly out number women in the media - on Cebeebies only 30% of main characters are female |
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Media Representations: Gender Advertising - The Beauty Ideal Wolf 1990 |
Media presents a particular physical image of women as normal. This is often unrealistic, leading to increased cases of anorexia and bulimia in young females (particularly teenagers) |
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Media Representations: Gender Advertising - The Beauty Ideal Orbach 1991 |
Agrees with Wolf
Lays a large blame for eating disorders on the distorted and idealised images of women in the media |
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Media Representations: Gender Advertising - The Beauty Ideal Cumberbatch 2004 |
Youth and beauty are the main features of women in commercials and that women occupy a decorative role for men
Study of television commercials reflected an "unacceptable face of sexism" and contribute to patriarchal ideas |
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Media Representations: Gender - Women Evaluation
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-Some representations very positive. Shows such as 'Being Human', 'Eastenders' and 'Harry Potter' have assertive female characters
Although, these characters often have problems such as unable to maintain relationships or being neurotic |
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Media Representations: Gender Men in the Media Children Now 1999 |
Media portrayals of men fall within stereotypes ->Joker ->Strong, Silent type ->Jock ->Big Shot ->Action Hero Men rarely shown as emotional or sensitive. Men rarely shown doing housework, when they are they are often inept e.g. Oven Pride advert |
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Media Representations: Gender The new man |
In the 1980's men began to be shown as more emotional and less agressive |
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Media Representations: Gender The Metrosexual Male Mest 1988 |
Attitudes towards masculinity changed; reflected men's increased interest in fashion and toilletries |
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Media Representations: Gender Retributive Masculinity Rutherford 1999 |
Rejects metrosexuality, magazines such as 'Nuts' and '200' symbolise a reinforcement of men's stereotypical masculinity |
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Media Representations: Gender Feminism |
Liberal - Media is slowly improving as more women rise to positions of influence within media occupaions Marxist Feminists - Sex sells, the need to attract an audience is the primary factor of media actions Radical - Retributive masculinity is a social backlash against gains made by women |
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Media Representations: Gender Postmodernism Gauntlett 2008 |
The relationship between the media and its audience is complex and the people respond to the images portrayed in a number of ways |
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Media Representations: Gender Pluralism |
The media meets the needs of males and females.
The media is giving the audience what it wants |
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Media Representations: Sexuality Representations of teenage sexuality Batchelor et al 2004 |
Media analysis of magazines and tv shows: |
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Media Representations: Sexuality Homosexuality Gerbner et al 1986 |
Media is guilty of symbolic annihilation of gays and lesbians. They are eaither portrayed unrealistically or not at all |
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Media Representations: Sexuality Gay Stereotypes Craig 1992 |
->Effeminate and Camp ->Macho ->Devient ->Flamboyant |
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Media Representations: Sexuality Soap Operas |
Less stereotypical, more likely to challenge stereotypes
BBC 'flooded' with 145 complaints after airing gay kiss before 9pm |
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Media Representations: Sexuality Evaluation Gauntlett |
LGBT+ people still under represented, but it is improving with gay (Cpt. Jack Harkness), lesbian (Irene Adler) and bi (Korra) characters |
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Media Representations: Sexuality Evaluation |
Gill 2007 - Gay images sanitized so as not to scare away advertisers
Queer as Folk: Russel T Davies serise realistically portrays gay sexual practises |
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Media Representations: Sexuality Advertising Commercial Closet 2004 |
Counted 1700 ads from 33 countries. Found: 1.Increased acceptance of gays+lesbians 2.Increased 'Pink £ Power' -> Ikea first gay advert 1994 3.Gill: gay imagery aimed at heterosexual audience |
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Media Representations: Sexuality Conclusion |
Gay and lesbian rights have been reduced to consumer choice Increase in positive representations, but equality has not yet been achieved and there is a long way to go |
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Media Effects: Imitation and Copycat Violence McCabe + Martin 2005 |
Media portrays violence as heroic, causing violent acts to be viewed as acceptable (dis-inhibition effect) |
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Media Effects: Passive Model Desensitization Newton
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Exposure of violent killings creates a 'drip-drip' effect amounst young people
results in desensitization, behaviour becomes normal as we are socialised into accepting deviant behaviour |
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Media Effects: Mean World Syndrome Newton |
Normalisation of violence makes us more passive when exposed to the real thing -causes bystander effect -violence used to media to grab viewers attention -movies with sequals/remakes often have more violence/deaths than origionals (increased 'dosage') |
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Media Effects: Results of Newton's Studies |
->Video recordings (labelling) act 1985 resulted in all films having age certificates ->introduction of 9pm watershed
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Media Effects: Ofcom Survey 2008 |
2/3 of their sample of 12-13yr olds admitted video games had affected their behaviour |
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Postmodernism and the Media Baurillard |
Simulacra and hyper reality - the media blurs the boundries between reality and media images. Because the media is responisble for what we know, our knowledge is reproduced knowledge and not a true/acurrate representation |
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Postmodernism and the Media Strinati |
Emphasizes importance of mass media shaping consumer interests, media can create desires and pressures to consume. Media blurs the boundries of time and space |
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Postmodernism and the Media Living the Image |
Images from the media become real and as, if not more, real and significant than direct experiences. E.g. death of Princess Diana resulted in grief across the world, although to some she was no more than a face in the media. Fictional death can become ‘real’, death, divorce and marriages in soap operas glue millions to their TV screens and discuss it the next day as if it actually happened. |
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Postmodernism and the Media Multiple Truths |
A result of multiple realities. There isno longer a single, dominant truth. Instead there is a multitude of meanings, asingle truth has been replaced by the many truths the media broadcast which inturn distorts reality further |
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Postmodernism and the Media EV |
1) Media representations of gender, age etc reinforce stereotpyes rather than give choice 2) Marxism - choice is a myth, media transnational conglomerates are in control 3) Media is only one aspect that shapes our identies 4) Does not consider WHY the media constructs realities |
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Media Effects Active Model Two-Step Flow Katz + Lazerfeld |
the media is part of a larger, situated culture, the audience receive messagesfrom ‘opinion leaders’ and so receive the message without the text. Forexample, a Politician commenting on a story may invoke an audience reactionwithout the audience reading the story |
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Media Effects Active Model Uses and Gratification Katz + Blumler |
The audience actively use TV to fulfil 4 needs -Information -Entertainment -Personal Identity -Social interaction |
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New Media Statistics |
2013: -80% of households have internet access -48% of adults use social media -28hrs per wekk of tv compared to 14 hrs per week of internet (increases with youth) - |
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Media Representations Sexuality Pornography |
images that refer to/verge on pornography are increasingly common. Themes revolve around sexual avalibility to the reader and draws on the idea of 'real babes' to fufil real fantasys |
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Media Representations Sexuality Lad Mags |
Matey tone reinforces shared knowledge about women to men (e.g. looks are important) |
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Media Representations Sexuality Objectification |
Active vs Passive; Subject vs Object Male gaze (Duncan + Messner 2005) |
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Media Representations Sexuality Horvath + Hegarty 2011 |
Study that compared phrases from lad mags to convicted rapists, where most participants couldn't tell the difference. Lad mag quotes were deemed slightly more derogatory but rapist quotes were most identified with |
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Media Representations Sexuality Hetronormativity |
the norm! - assumed that people are hetrosexual - social norms/conventions encourage hetrosexuality - cosmo not targeted at 'straight women', just women Homosexuality viewed as unusual, devient, abnormal etc |
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Media Representations Stereotypes Becker 1964 |
-------------------------Master Status------------------------- applied to sexuality: - sexuality the defining feature - one dimensional roles - comedy figures |
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Media Representations Lesbianism |
Potentially threatening to male dominated society and so are nullified through male sexual fantasy |
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Media Representations Moony 2008 |
Boys will be Boys objectification, failed irony, sexism, accessability of women, tourism, othering in Lads Mags |
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Media Representations Weedon 1997 |
To maintain mainstream levels of patriarchal power, it is necessery to discredit/marginalise ways of giving meaning to experiences that redefine hegenomic gender roles/norms |
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Media Representations Taylor 2005 |
The implicit message is that men and womens sexual desires are similar; man is the measure |
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Media Representations Avila-Saaverdra 2008 |
--------Nothing queer about queer television------- Will and Grace - 8 Seasons yet will never goes to bed with a man. Will's sexuality is nullified by the intervention of grace's femininity, which is forced onto will through his 'traditionally female' actions |
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Media Representations Dow 2001 |
Increased visibility does not equate to social tollerance |
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Media Representations Shugart 2003 |
gay males are defined as privaliged for their total assests to women |
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Media Representations Foucault 1974 |
Sexuality/sexual definitions are created by society to repress individuals wishing to deviate from the hetrosexual model |
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Media Representations Brookey 1996 |
Queer theory has been used to demonstrate how sexuality is culturally essentialised to inscribe heterosexuality as normal and others as deviant |
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Media Representations Ward 2000 |
-Gay interests are inline with feminine/other marginalised groups -Discourse of gay masculinities ignores the concerns of other sexual/gender minorities -Queer sexisim |
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Media Representations Berlant + Warner 1993 |
defines heteronormativity as the institiutions and practices that make heterosexuality privligied and desirable |
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Media Representations Fejes 2000 |
Medias gay masculinity is white, young, caucasian, well musled, smooth body, handsome, good education, professional job etc |
