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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Chapter 3 - Elizabeth and her councillors |
John Guy - Liz ‘controlled her own policy more than any other tudor’ / ‘she knew her mind; her instinct to power was infallible'
Cecil was the key figure - Described by Spanish ambassador as ‘the man who does everything’ Joined by Bacon, Russell and Knollys Elizabeth relied on her councillors as individuals rather than the council as an institution. Historians like Adams and Mears play down the role of the Council as an institution |
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Elizabeth and Parliament |
Temporary and occasional feature in English politics; monarch could call or disolve parliament at will and Liz rarely called it. It sat for <3 years over Liz's 45 year reign. 3 telling factors as to why it wasn’t important: Parliament met rarely compared to Henry’s reign; Liz saw it as a necessary evil when needed. Once they assembled, MPs often wanted to go home with attendance waning in later stages. Elizabeth treated MPs with overt contempt. Haigh described it as ‘condescending superiority’ and ‘For Elizabeth, parliamentarians were little boys - sometimes unruly, usually a nuisance and always a waste of an intelligent woman’s time’. |
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Parliament’s importance - Elton V Neale |
Neale – Power of the HoCommons increased throughout Elizabeth’s reign as evidenced by conflict with the Stuarts and grew in confidence with a growing awareness and sophistication of their power. Elton – Parliament mostly dealt with the routine administration, debate and passing bills. There was some debate but this was not normal and did not degrade harmony. |
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Elizabeth’s attitude to catholics |
Liz is often quoted as not wishing to make ‘windows into mens souls’ and was considered quite tolerant. Catholic opinion was prominent n the House of Lords while some of the privy council were still catholic. The Northern Rebellion was what led to a far more protestant England and when Liz was excommunicated it led to the view that Catholics must choose their monarch or their religion. |
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Initial opposition to the Settlement |
Marian bishops in the HoL had an unwavering opposition explained by Bishop Scot of Chester who stated that Parliament had no right to meddle with matters of doctrine. They heavily edited it after the initial attempt was rejected. The Treaty of Cat-Camb (abbr - 1559) meant that Liz could deal with internal strife without worrying about a French invasion so she didn’t dissolve parliament and when some of the catholic bishops left in anger, she had them arrested to help override opposition. The inexplicable absence of the Abbot of Westminster and the absence of the two imprisoned bishops allowed the second attempt to pass as only one layman opposed it. |
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The Act of Supremacy |
1559 - Liz used Supreme Governor rather than Head as this dealt with the fact a woman couldn’t perform spiritual ministry (from New Test.) but this hardly limited her power. It demanded the clergy and officials swore an oath accepting the title and it repealed the Marian laws on Heresy. It also set up the High Commission which judged on orthodox doctrine. |
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The Act of Uniformity |
1559 -Book of Common Prayer used in all churches, with punishments if this was not the case. It was based on the 2nd BoCP but the ‘Black Rubric’ was omitted and priests must use the words of both prayer books when doing communion. This was a compromise Insults got the Pope found in the 2nd one were also removed. This compromise allowed for conformity which, with fines of 1 shilling for not attending, were necessary. Also allowed for some ‘popish’ garments in the ornaments rubric |
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Injunctions of 1559 |
1559 -These aimed to establish Liz’s authority within Canon law. The clergy had to observe the royal Supremacy and monuments to fake miracles (didn’t go as far as to remove images in churches). All churches must have an English bible and Erasmus’ paraphrases (Erasmus was catholic, but a reformist) Recusants were to be denounced to the local Justices of Peace or the Privy Council. The Injunctions also banned public, protestant, preaching without official permission and as only a very slim minority had this, protestant sermons were almost an impossibility. A |
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39 Articles |
1563 - Based on the 42 articles of 1552 but with an emphasis on justification by faith and predestination. Failed to clarify who could define the meaning of scripture though Drawn up by the convocation of Canterbury and York |
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Catholic challenges to the settlement |
Haigh described the process of the ‘60s as ‘survivalist Catholicism was diluted by conformity’ Many catholics were ‘Church papists’ where they conformed and obeyed Priests were ‘making possible the marriage of the old ways and the new’ (Duffy). Some catholics went into exile, including 100 Oxford fellows, while there were lots of recusants (boycotted CoE). Pope banned catholics from attending CoE services. |
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Aftermath of the settlement |
Jewel’s apology 1562- Bishop Jewel lived in exile during Mary’s reign and published ‘An apology of the CoE’ and said the CoE was the true position abandoned by the Catholic Church. Convocation of 1563 - Meeting of the 2 archdioceses of Canterbury and York - believed that ti would complete the religious reform but opinions differed and little was done. Even the 39 articles were not given legal force until ’71. It appeared the church was drifting and while it was becoming very calvinist, it was only ‘half reformed’. |
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Archbishop Parker and the Vestiarian Controversy
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1565 - Liz wrote to Parker and demanded he enforces that none deviate from the Settlement. Parker had no hesitation in doing this and published the ’66 Advertisements where he made a clear statement of what was expected, following Liz’s wishes were followed but parker compromised on vestments and did not enforce full vestment settlement law and as such Liz refused to enforce it. Led to intense internal debate as to whether episcopacy was valid. |
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Tradition v Revision |
A.G. Dickens’ traditional view on reaction to the settlement - By 1558 most Englishmen were receptive to protestantism. Minority group of Catholic recusants were branded traitors and became the target of repressive measures. Revisionist view - (use Duffy) England was still majority Catholic and opposition was not a minority group of extremists. This is shown by the H. of Lords and explains Catholic concessions in the settlement. Kept some outward symbolism to win over catholics. |
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Settlement Synopticity |
Sir Neale said the Queen had been forced by the ‘Puritan Choir’ into protestant reform. This was countered by Jones who said there was no effective Puritan Faction in the 1559 parliament, and he calculated that there were no more than 25 MPs (out of 400) that were radically protestant, and only 2 of these were Marian exiles. These were not well led or organised and therefore didn’t have much effect. Jones’ view means the Settlement was the work of the queen and that her main opposition was the Catholic HoL |
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Settlement conclusion point |
Had the settlement been heavy-handedly enforced, this would have led to: The outbreak of Civil war The isolation of the Catholic gentry which were needed for law and enforcement |
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Chapter 4 - Policy making influences |
Main influences were Cecil and Walsingham Traditional view was that they both differed in opinion; Wals advocated an aggressive ‘protestant’ policy while Cecil was more cautious and defensive. John Guy challenged this saying that Cecil was far more aggressive than others said but had to appear conservative to keep Elizabeth's support. |
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Scotland |
King of France’s son gets the throne in 1559, his wife is Mary, Q of Scots. Scotland once again became a French instrument. This meant the Protestant LotC (active since 1557), namely Knox, requested support from England after Mary of Guise mustered an army against them. Elizabeth hated the sexist Knox but Cecil supported English intervention but he was in the minority. |
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Scottish intervention |
At first, England just sent money and armaments but then the Navy was sent to stop french reinforcements and finally an army was sent in 1560 through the Treaty of Berwick and the French were forced to withdraw after a peace treaty in July 1560 (treaty of edinburgj) leading to the Lords of the Congregation becoming a provisional government - 'the reformation parliament'.
Elizabeth was aware she won through luck. |
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France |
No foreign leader really wanted to carry on the conflict and the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis was signed in 1559 to end the conflict (between Spain and France), with France retaining Calais for 8 years. After religious conflict broke out, with the slaughter of a congregation of Huguenots in 1562, intervention was advocated by Dudley and the Huguenot leader was given 6000 men and a loan of £30k. The Hugues were defeated and the catholic leader assassinated; both sides joined together to get rid of the English after Liz refused to recall troops. The Treaty of Troyes (1564) meant Liz lost Calais permanently. |
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Foreign relations with France |
Deterioration in Englands relationship with Spain meant that the french relations got better; English raiding of Spaniard treasure ships along with marriage negotiations with the Duke of Anjou (French) (1578-81) meant that Anglo-French relations were thawing, as shown by the French abandoning Mary's (Q of Scots) claim to the English throne. This led to the Treaty of Blois in 1572, described by Guy as a ‘defensive league’ against Spain. |
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Foreign relations with Spain |
Tame through the 60s, with Phillip convincing the Pope not to excommunicate Elizabeth as he wanted a marriage. The Netherlands were the main cause for the decline. English prosperity relied on dutch trade. Phillip wanted tighter dutch control to root out protestants and after previous efforts Elizabeth was reluctant to oppose this so instead she chose to harass Spain through piracy (Wilson described this as ‘risky’). This was met by the seizing of English proper leading to a tit-for-tat op. Relations were not irreparable but were souring. |
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The Crisis of 1562 |
Elizabeth was struck with smallpox and it seemed unlikely she would survive. The council was panicked with invasion, civil war and religious strife all likely in the event of her death. When she recovered, marriage became the main issue. While Haigh argued that not marrying was her intention throughout, Doran argued there is little evidence for this and Liz was under pressure to have an heir. |
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The Northern Rebellion 1969 |
Only significant rebellion against Liz. Mainly happened in Durham and North Yorkshire, led by Northumberland and Westmorland. Basically a rebellion against protestantism. Rebels fled after a Royal Army began moving north with mainly moving over the border into Scotland (before going onto Spanish netherlands). |
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Motives of the N. Rebels |
Courtly conspiracy over Mary, Q of Scots. Local and Specific factors - rebel earls felt cut off from the politics with no influence and many of their relatives had been deprived of their offices. Religion - Westmorland resented protestantism as did many of the Earls. Ordinary people - Feudal loyalty, Religion. Fletcher 'resentment at the extension of Tudor Authority' Marcomb - motivated by Religion MacCaffery - failure of Norfolk's plot to marry Mary QoS |
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Aftermath |
Why it failed? Many historians argue it was too disorganised with ambiguity and a lack of any political prowess in the Earls. NO chance of securing the required foreign support. Haigh described it as ‘botched’. Aftermath - Showed the government worked as it was effectively deal with but it did show limitations, namely the differences between the north and south along with a dependence on Leicester. Led to an extremely protestant outsider, Hastings, being appointed head of the council of the north |
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The Pope’s excommunication of Elizabeth |
In response to the N. Rebellion Pius V excommunicated Liz in his 1570 bull against elizabeth. While it didn’t have much effect, it did undue fear into Liz and her council. This led to the Treason Act (1571) (similar to the ’34 one) which deemed it treasonable to call Liz bad things. John Guy said it ‘created an inexorable logic for Elizabeth that Protestants were loyalists and Catholics traitors’. |
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Historians on Elizabeth Bindoff WIlliams Haigh Pollard |
Bindoff - 'politically genius' Williams - 'the final decisions rested with the Queen' Haigh - 'Elizabeth was a bully' Pollard - 'indifferent in religion' |
