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69 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
A protein found in muscle cells. It is the main component of the thin filaments.
Actin
Muscle that work against each other in a pair.
Antagonistic
The growing apical bud at the tip of the shoot inhibits growth of lateral buds further down the shoot.
Apical dominance
Molecule (nucleotide derivative) found in all living cells and involved in energy transfer. When it is hydrolysed energy is released.
ATP
The brain and spinal cord. It has overall control over the coordination of the nervous system.
Central nervous system
A form of learning in which two unrelated stimuli are applied to an animal, one a 'normal response' (for example salivation in the presence of food) another unrelated (for example the ringing of a bell). After repeated exposure to both stimuli together the animal will eventually respond with the normal response to the unrelated stimulus.
Classical conditioning
In voluntary muscle, the joining of a myosin head group to an actin thin filament in the presence of calcium ions.
Cross-bridge
Gene that codes for a dopamine receptor molecule.
DRD4
The set of responses in an animal that accompany the perception of threat. The response is driven by the sympathetic nervous system and sets the body at a higher level of capacity to respond to the threat; for example increased respiration rate in muscles and increased blood flow to muscles to prepare for explosive muscle action necessary to fight or run away.
Fight or flight response
A portion of the brain that contains various receptors that monitor the blood. Also involved in controlling the autonomic nervous system.
Hypothalamus
A behaviour that an animal is capable of from birth without any learning or practice. Such behaviours appear to be very inflexible in their operation although they may often be slightly modified in individuals by some elements of learning.
Innate behaviour
A portion of the brain (the brain stem) that contains centres for the control of various unconscious bodily functions and via the autonomic nervous system.
Medulla oblongata
Growth points in a plant where immature cells are still capable of dividing.
Meristem
Contraction of the muscle is generated from within the muscle itself. The term is used to describe the contraction of the heart, which is controlled by the action of the sinoatrial node.
Myogenic
The protein that forms the thick filament in muscle cells. This protein has head groups that form the cross-bridges associated with muscular contraction.
Myosin
Also known as trial-and-error learning. The term is used to describe learning that takes place in animals given punishment or reward to reinforce the performance of a particular operation. Most famously, this type of learning is seen in rats and pigeons in a 'Skinner box', where operation of a lever rewards the animal with a food pellet.
Operant conditioning
The sensory and motor neurones connecting the central nervous system to the sensors and effectors around the body.
Peripheral nervous system
The term describes the action of the myosin head in muscular contraction. The head group attached to the actin filament tilts backwards, pulling the thick filament to overlap further with the thin filament. Energy from ATP is used up in the power stroke.
Power stroke
The reaction to a stimulus.
Response
In voluntary muscle, the span between one Z-line and the next Z-line. The Z-line is the central part of the I band, which alternates with the A band.
Sarcomere
Behaviour of organisms of a particular species living together in groups with relatively defined roles for each member of the group.
Social behaviour
A type of joint in the skeleton characterised by the presence of a membrane that produces fluid to lubricate the joint.
Synovial joint
A directional growth response in which the direction of the response is determined by the direction of the external stimulus.
Tropism
The non-living factors influecning an ecosystem
Abiotic factors
Undifferentiated and pluripotential plant cells at the tip of the stem that are capable of rapid cell division.
Apical meristem
A region of the cerebral cortex where the information in the form of impulses from sensory areas is made sense of by comparison with previous experience.
Association areas
A nerve cell within the system of motor neurones that controls the non-conscious actions of the body via involuntary muscles and glands.
Autonomic neurone
An important plant growth regulator involved in phototropic and geotropic responses.
Auxins
A living factor.
Biotic
A striated involuntary muscle that contracts spontaneously (it is myogenic).
Cardiac muscle
Region of the brain involved in the coordination of movement and posture.
Cerebellum
Region of the brain involved in thought, imagination and reasoning.
Cerebrum
A new reflex action that is learnt through association with a new stimulus. An example of passive and involuntary learning.
Conditional response
A new stimulus that can provoke passive and involuntary learning through association with an established reflex.
Conditioned stimulus
The body's communication system that relies on circulating chemicals called hormones.
Endocrine system
Innate and rapid avoidance responses that provide survival benefit.
Escape reflexes
Plant growth regulators that can cause dramatic stem elongation through cell division and elongation.
Gibberellins
Fine-tuning of muscle contraction by varying the number of independently innervated muscle fibres that are activated.
Gradation of response
A learned behaviour in which organisms cease responding to stimuli that do not result in reward or punishment.
Habituation
Stratification of social groups in higher organisms forms this type of structure.
Hierarchy
Behaviour learnt during an innately brief receptive period, normally shortly after birth.
Imprinting
Higher order learning based on prior experience and requiring reasoning.
Insight learning
Responses involving non-directional increasses in movement.
Kineses
The highest order of learning based on exploration of surroundings for use in future situations.
Latent learning
Any animal behaviour that changes or adapts to experience.
Learned behaviour
A long-term study where individual organisms are followed to look at outcomes.
Longitudinal study
An area of the cerebral cortex within which the neurones are responsible for driving motor functions.
Motor areas
The entire network of nerves in an organism considerd as a whole.
Nervous system
The specialised connection, similar to a synapse, between a motor neurone and a muscle fibre.
Neuromuscular junction
A neurone within the branch of the autonomous nervous system involved in relaxed functions such as digestion.
Parasympathetic neurone
Growth responses in plants that are triggered by exposure to llight.
Phototropism
more properly known as plant growth regulators.
Plant hormones
A mental health condition involving a reduced grasp on reality, diminished impulse control and disorder of perception.
Psychosis
Stimuli that tend to strengthen learned responses.
Reinforcers
An area of the cerebral cortex within which the neurones associated with receiving sensory information from the receptors are found. These neurones often pass information to association areas in order to make sense of the incoming information.
Sensory area
Powerful striated muscle - usually under voluntary control.
Skeletal muscle
A laboratory environment used in the operand conditioning of animals
Skinner box
Model that explains the mechanism of muscle contraction.
Sliding filament
Neurone involved in the effector arm of the nervous system involved in voluntary responses.
Somatic neurone
Any change in the environment of an organism that causes a response.
Stimulus
Describes muscle with banding pattern visible under a light microscope due to the alignment of the myofibrils.
Striated muscle
A neurone within the branch of the autonomous nervous system mainly involved in activating stress responses.
Sympathetic neurone
The connection between two nerve cells involving a gap across which neurotransmitters have to diffuse to carry the impulse.
Synapse
The cell type that responds to a particular hormonal signal.
Target cell
Responses involving directional increases in movement.
Taxes
A form of learning in which random activity might lead to outcomes which reinforce or attenuate tha behaviour. The basis of operand conditioning.
Trial and error learning
A stimulus that would normally lead to an involuntary reflex action.
Unconditioned stimulus
Stimulus that triggers innate or learned stress responses.
Stressor
A combined sequence of innate behaviours that can give the impression of higher order behaviour.
Fixed action pattern