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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
LABEL |
a) waxy cuticle b) upper epidermis c) palisade mesophyl cells d) spongy mesphyl cells e) xylem f) phloem g) air space h) guard cell i) stoma |
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WHICH TYPE OF CELLS USUALLY HAVE THE MOST CHLOROPLASTS? |
PALISADE MESOPHYL CELLS |
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WHAT SHAPE IS A CHLOROPLAST? |
BICONVEX |
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WHERE DO THE LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS TAKE PLACE IN THE CHLOROPLASTS? |
THYLAKOIDS |
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WHERE DOES THE LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION TAKE PLACE? |
THE STROMA |
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WHAT IS THE INTERGRANAL LAMELA? |
ONE THYLAKOID (FOLD OF MEMBRANE) |
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LABEL |
a) STARCH GRAIN b) CHLOROPLAST ENVELOPE c) THYLAKOID d) GRANUM e) 70s RIBOSOME f) STROMA |
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WHAT IS THE STROMA? |
GEL LIKE FLUID IN THE CHLOROPLAST |
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WHAT IS THE CHLOROPLAST ENVELOPE? |
CHLOROPLAST DOUBLE MEMBRANE |
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WHAT FORM IS DNA FOUND IN THE CHLOROPLAST? |
CIRCULAR DNA (LOOP) - 1 CHROMOSOME |
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WHAT IS AN ACCESSORY PIGMENT? AND WHY DO THEY EXIST? (3) |
PIGMENTS OTHER THAN CHLOROPHYL A THAT ARE INDIRECTLY INVOLVED IN THE LIGHT REACTION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS (1) BUT INSTEAD ABSORB THE LIGHT AND FUNNEL IT ONTO CHLOROPHYL A (1). THIS IS TO BROADEN THE SPECTRUM OF LIGHT THAT CAN BE ABSORBED BY THE PLANT(1). |
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WHY IS PHOTOSYNTHESIS JUST IN THE CHLOROPLAST AND NOT ALL OVER THE CYTOPLASM? |
COMPARTMENTALISATION IE. EACH PART OF THE CELL HAS ONE MAIN FUNCTION |
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NAME THE PIGMENT THAT IS DIRECTLY INVOLVED IN THE LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION AND STATE EXACTLY WHERE IT IS FOUND. |
CHLOROPHYL A FOUND IN THE PRIMARY PIGMENT REACTION CENTRE |
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NAME THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS. |
CHLOROPHYL- A,B,C,D CAROTENOIDS- CAROTENE AND XANTHROPHYL |
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OTHER THAN CHLOROPHYLLS THERE IS ANOTHER CLASS OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENT. NAME IT AND STATE WHICH COLOURS THEY ARE AND WHICH THEY ABSORB BEST. |
CAROTENOIDS- YELLOW, ORANGE, RED OR BROWN AND ABSORB STRONGLY IN THE BLUE- VIOLET |
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WHAT COLOURS DO CHLOROPHYLLS ABSORB BEST? |
RED, BLUE-VIOLET |
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WHAT IS AN ABSORPTION SPECTRUM? |
WHEN THE DEGREE OF ABSORPTION OF EACH WAVELENGTH IS PLOTTED AND A GRAPH IS OBTAINED |
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WHAT IS AN ACTION SPECTRUM AND HOW IS IT MEASURED? |
A PLOT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EACH WAVELENGTH ON THE RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND IT IS MEASURED BY THE RATE OF O2 PRODUCTION |
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THE ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF CHLOROPHYLLS AND THE ACTION SPECTRUM OF THE PLANT ARE VERY SIMILAR. WHAT DOES THAT INDICATE. |
CHLOROPHYLLS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR LIGHT ABSORPTION AND THEREFORE PHOTOSYNTHESIS. |
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WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF A PHOTOSYSTEM? (3) |
A CLUSTER OF ACCESSORY PIGMENTS CALLED THE ANTENNA COMPLEX (1) ARRANGED TO CHANNEL LIGHT TO THE REACTION CENTRE (1) WHICH CONTAINS ONE MOLECULE OF CHLOROPHYL A (1) |
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WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE 2 PHOTOSYSTEMS? |
PHOTOSYSTEM 1- REACTION CENTRE IS CALLED P700 BECAUSE THE CHLOROPHYL BEST ABSORBS LIGHT OF 700nm WAVELENGTH PHOTOSYSTEM 2- REACTION CENTRE IS CALLED P680 BECAUSE THE CHLOROPHYL BEST ABSORBS LIGHT OF 680nm WAVELENGTH |
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WHERE ARE PHOTOSYSTEMS FOUND? |
THYLAKOID MEMBRANE |
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WHAT IS THE OVERALL PHOTOSYNTHESIS EQUATION? |
6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
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WHAT ARE THE 3 MAIN PHASES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS? |
- LIGHT HARVESTING - LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION - LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION/CALVIN CYCLE |
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WHAT DOES LIGHT HARVESTING IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS REFER TO? |
ALL OF THE PIGMENTS CAPTURING LIGHT AND PASSING THEM ONTO CHLOROPHYL A |
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DESCRIBE NON CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION. (16) |
LIGHT STRIKES THE THYLAKOID MEMBRANE AND HENCE REACHES PHOTOSYSTEM 2. LIGHT HARVESTING OCCURS IN WHICH THE ANTENNA COMPLEX PASSES THE ENERGY FROM THE LIGHT INTO CHLOROPHYL A.(1) THIS EXCITES 2 ELECTRONS IN CHLOROPHYL A (1) WITH ENOUGH SUFFICIENCY TO BE PICKED UP BY A MOBILE ELECTRON CARRIER (1) (THE ELECTRONS ARE REPLACED BY THE PHOTOLYSIS OF WATER - H2O-->O2 + H+ + 2e (1) WHICH IS THE SAME REACTION THAT PRODUCES THE OXYGEN BIPRODUCT OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS) AND GO ALONG AN ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN IN WHICH THE ELECTRON IS PASSED ON FROM CARRIER TO CARRIER(1) A SERIES OF REDOX REACTIONS (3). THE ENERGY FROM THIS ELECTRON FLOW IS USED TO PUMP HYDROGEN IONS THROUGH THE THYLAKOID MEMBRANE. (1) LIGHT ALSO STRIKES PHOTOSYSTEM 1 AND EXCITES 2 CHLOROPHYL A MOLECULE ELECTRONS (1) AT THE P700 REACTION CENTRE WHICH IS AGAIN PICKED UP BY ANOTHER MOBILE ELECTRON CARRIER (THE ELECTRONS INITIALLY EXCITED BY PS2 REPLACE THE 2 LOST ELECTRONS IN PHOTOSYSTEM 1 (1)) . THE ELECTRONS THEN GO THROUGH ANOTHER ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (1) AND END UP JOINING WITH NADP+ ALONG WITH A PROTON TO FORM REDUCED NADP (1) WHICH GOES TO THE LIGHT INDEPENDENT STAGE. BECAUSE THERE IS A PROTON GRADIENT (1) ON EITHER SIDE OF THE THYLAKOID WHICH MEANS THAT A CHEMICAL GRADIENT EXISTS ALONG WITH A CHARGE GRADIENT (1)WHICH FORCES THE PROTONS UP A CHANNEL PROTEIN OR ENZYME ATPASE (1). THE MOTION OF THE PROTONS PROVIDES ENERGY FOR PHOSPHORYLATION ADP + Pi --> ATP |
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WHAT IS THE TYPICAL NUMBER OF CHLOROPLASTS IN A PALISADE MESOPHYLL CELL? |
100 |
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WHY ARE TREES YELLOW/BROWN BEFORE THEY FALL? (2-3) |
CAROTENOIDS(1) THEY BREAK DOWN SLOWER THAN THE GREEN CHLOROPHYL (1) AND ARE COLOURED YELLOW/BROWN/ORANGE |
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WHAT IS 2 WAY CHROMATOGRAPHY? (3) |
-SET UP AND CARRY OUT A NORMAL ONE WAY CHROMATOGRAPHY -WHEN YOU ARE DONE, ROTATE THE CHROMATOGRAPHY PAPER 90DEG -DIP IT INTO ANOTHER SOLVENT |
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WHY USE 2 WAY CHROMATOGRAPHY? (2) |
IF THE RF VALUE OF 2 MOLECULES IN A PARTICULAR DYE IS THE SAME, THEY WILL NOT BE SEPARATED IT IS UNLIKELY THAT THEY WILL HAVE THE SAME RF VALUE IN 2 SOLVENTS AND THEREFORE THE SECOND SOLVENT SHOULD SEPARATE THEM |
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WHAT IS RF? (DEFINITION AND EQUATION) |
A MEASURE OF SOLUBILITY OF DIFFERENT MOLECULES IN A PARTICULAR SOLVENT Rf=DISTANCE MOVED BY SOLVENT/ MOLECULE |
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PROCEDURE: HOW DO YOU SEPARATE PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS FROM A LEAF? |
- GET A STRIP OF CHROMATOGRAPHY PAPER AND DRAW A PENCIL LINE 3 CM ABOVE THE BOTTOM - GRIND UP HEALTHY LEAVES IN PURE PROPANONE TO CREATE A CONCENTRATED PIGMENT SOLUTION - FILTER THIS THROUGH MUSLIN INTO A SMALL BEAKER - USE CAPILLARY TUBING AS A DROPPER AND PLACE A DROP OF THIS SOLUTION ONTO THE PENCIL LINE - REPEAT SEVERAL TIMES TO GET A CONCENTRATED SPOT - POUR IN THE SOLVENT TO THE TEST TUBE CARRYING OUT THE CHROMATOGRAPHY - MAKE URE IT DOESNT TOUCH THE LINE - ATTACH THE CHROMATOGRAPHY PAPER TO THE STOPPER AND SEAL THE TEST TUBE - WHEN THE SOLVENT FRONT IS CLOSE TO THE TOP TAKE IT OUT, MARK THE SOLVENT FRONT AND MARK EACH PIGMENT -CALCULATE RF TO FIND OUT EACH PIGMENT NOT 100% ACCURATE CHECK PG 8 |
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WHAT HAPPENS DURING CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION? |
ELECTRONS FROM PS1 ARE RAISED TO AN EXCITED STATE, PICKED UP BY A MOBILE ELECTRON CARRIER AND GOES THROUGH AN ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN THAT GENERATES ATP BY PUMPING PROTONS ACROSS THE THYLAKOID. |
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DRAW THE CALVIN CYCLE. |
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HOW MUCH GALP IS USED TO MAKE RuBP? |
5/6 |
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WHY DOESNT THE LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS OCCUR IN THE DARK? |
DEPENDS ON THE REDUCED NADP AND ATP OF THE LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION. |
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remeber |
research chemiosmosis and the equivalence point |
