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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is respiration?
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Respiration is the process in which energy stored in complex organic molecules is used to make ATP.
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What energy type is used in moving molecules?
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Kinetic Energy.
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What energy type is used in larger stationary storage molecules?
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Potential Energy.
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Why do living organisms need to respire?
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It is needed to drive biological processes .This is known as an organisms metabolism.
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What is the difference between anabolic and catabolic steroids?
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Anabolic metabolic reaction build large molecules from smaller molecules, where as Catabolic reactions break large molecules into smaller ones.
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Name three metabolic processes that need ATP.
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Active transport-moving ions across membrane against a concentration gradient.
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What is the term for organisms that make energy from sunlight?
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Photoautotrophs
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What is ATP?
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ATP is a phosphorylated nucleotide and is the universal energy currency. Adenosine triphosphate.
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Adenine + Ribose =
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Adenosine
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Adenosine + 3-phosphorly groups=
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ATP
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ATP + Hydrolysis=
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ADP + Pi
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Is the energy released from ATP hydrolysis an immediate source of energy?
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Yes, it releases 30.6kj of energy.
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Name the four stages of respiration.
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Glycolysis The Link Reaction Krebs Cycle Oxidative Phosphorylation |
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What happens in glycolysis?
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Glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate.
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What happens in the link reaction?
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Pyruvate is decarboxylated and dehydrogentaed to form acetate.
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What happens in the Krebs Cycle?
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Acetate is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated.
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What happens in oxidative phosphorlylation?
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ADP is phosphorylated to ATP.
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True or false? The link reaction and the Krebs cycle take place in the mitochondrial matrix.
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True
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Whch of the four stages of respiration can occur in the absence of oxygen?
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Glycolysis
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What is oxidation?
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The reaction that involves the loss of electrons.
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Which enzymes catalyse oxidation reactions?
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Dehydrogenase enzymes |
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What is the role of co enzymes?
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Needed to help oxidation reactions. They help enzymes catalyse reactions.
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What are the two kinds of co-enzyme?
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NAD and Coenzyme A
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What is NAD? What is it made up of?
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An organic ,non-protein molecule that help dehydrogenase enzymes to carry out oxidation reactions.
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What part of NAD can accept hydrogen atoms?
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The nicotinamide can accept hydrogen atoms.
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When is NAD said to be reduced?
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When NAD has accepted two hydrogen atoms/
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What is the function of coenzyme A?
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To carry acetate groups ,made from pyruvate during the reaction to the Krebs cycle.
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Where does glycolysis take place?
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In the cytoplasm of all living cells.
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How many atoms of carbon is there in glucose?
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6 Carbon Atoms
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How is glucose turned to glucose-6-p?
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One ATP molecule is hydrolysed and the phosphate group released and attached at carbon 6.
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What does Glucose 6-P imorise to?
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Fructose 6-P |
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How is hexose 1-6 biphosphate formed?
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Another ATP molecule is hydrolysed and the phosphate group released attaches itself to fructose 6 phosphate at carbon 1
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How many molecules of ATP are salvaged to form two molecules of triose phosphate?
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2
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What are the stages of oxidation in glycolysis?
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2 hydrogen atoms are removed from each triose phosphate molecule.
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Which enzymes and coenzymes catalyse the oxidation of triose phosphate.
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Dehydrogenase enzyme and Coenzyme NAD
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How many molecules of NAD are used in the oxidation of triose phosphate?
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2 Molecules |
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How many molecules of ATP are made by substrate level phosphorylation?
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2 molecules of ATP are formed.
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What is triose phosphate converted to?
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Pyruvate
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How many carbon atoms does a molecule of Pyruvate have?
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3 carbon atoms.
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How many ATP molecules are made in the conversion of triose phosphate to pyruvate?
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2 molecules when ADP is Phosphorylated.
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What are the products of glycolysis and how many molecules of each?
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2 ATP molecules,2 molecules of NADH,2 molecules of pyruvate.
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During aerobic respiration where are the two molecules of pyruvate transported to?
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The mitochondrial matrix. |
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If nooxygen is available what happens to pyruvate? |
It will be changes in the cytoplasm to wither lactate or ethanol.
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What are the inner and outr membranes of mitochondria made up of ? |
Phospholipid bilayer
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What are cristae and what is their function?
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Inner membrane folds that give the inner membrane a large surface area.
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What is the matrix masde up of?
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A mictue of roteins lipids
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What are the inner and outer membranes of mitochondria made up of? |
Phospholipid membrand |
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What are the inner and outer membranes of mitochondria made up of? |
Phospholipid membrand |
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What are cristae and what is their function? |
Inner membrane folds that give the inner membrane a large surface area. |
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What is the matrix made up of? |
A mixture of proteins lipids ,looped mitochondria,DNA,ribosomes and enzymes . |
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What are mitochondria present in metabolically active cells ? |
Because they produce Atp |
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What are the inner and outer membranes of mitochondria made up of? |
Phospholipid membrand |
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What are cristae and what is their function? |
Inner membrane folds that give the inner membrane a large surface area. |
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What is the matrix made up of? |
A mixture of proteins lipids ,looped mitochondria,DNA,ribosomes and enzymes . |
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What are mitochondria present in metabolically active cells ? |
Because they produce Atp |
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What five substances help the mitochondrial matrix carry out the link reaction and kerbs cycle |
Catalytic enzymes NAD Oxaloacetate Mitochondrial DNA Mitochondrial ribosomes |
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What are the inner and outer membranes of mitochondria made up of? |
Phospholipid membrand |
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What are cristae and what is their function? |
Inner membrane folds that give the inner membrane a large surface area. |
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What is the matrix made up of? |
A mixture of proteins lipids ,looped mitochondria,DNA,ribosomes and enzymes . |
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What are mitochondria present in metabolically active cells ? |
Because they produce Atp |
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What five substances help the mitochondrial matrix carry out the link reaction and kerbs cycle |
Catalytic enzymes NAD Oxaloacetate Mitochondrial DNA Mitochondrial ribosomes |
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What is oxaloacetate ? |
A 4 carbon compound that accepts acetate from the link reaction |
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What are the inner and outer membranes of mitochondria made up of? |
Phospholipid membrand |
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What are cristae and what is their function? |
Inner membrane folds that give the inner membrane a large surface area. |
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What is the matrix made up of? |
A mixture of proteins lipids ,looped mitochondria,DNA,ribosomes and enzymes . |
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What are mitochondria present in metabolically active cells ? |
Because they produce Atp |
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What five substances help the mitochondrial matrix carry out the link reaction and kerbs cycle |
Catalytic enzymes NAD Oxaloacetate Mitochondrial DNA Mitochondrial ribosomes |
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What is oxaloacetate ? |
A 4 carbon compound that accepts acetate from the link reaction |
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What does mitochondrial DNA code for? |
For mitochondrial enzymes and other proteins . |
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What are the inner and outer membranes of mitochondria made up of? |
Phospholipid membrand |
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What are cristae and what is their function? |
Inner membrane folds that give the inner membrane a large surface area. |
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What is the matrix made up of? |
A mixture of proteins lipids ,looped mitochondria,DNA,ribosomes and enzymes . |
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What are mitochondria present in metabolically active cells ? |
Because they produce Atp |
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What five substances help the mitochondrial matrix carry out the link reaction and kerbs cycle |
Catalytic enzymes NAD Oxaloacetate Mitochondrial DNA Mitochondrial ribosomes |
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What is oxaloacetate ? |
A 4 carbon compound that accepts acetate from the link reaction |
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What does mitochondrial DNA code for? |
For mitochondrial enzymes and other proteins . |
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What is the role of the mitochondria outer membrane ? |
It contains protein ,channel or carrier,that allow the passage of molecules such as pyruvate |
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What are the inner and outer membranes of mitochondria made up of? |
Phospholipid membrand |
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What are cristae and what is their function? |
Inner membrane folds that give the inner membrane a large surface area. |
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What is the matrix made up of? |
A mixture of proteins lipids ,looped mitochondria,DNA,ribosomes and enzymes . |
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What are mitochondria present in metabolically active cells ? |
Because they produce Atp |
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What five substances help the mitochondrial matrix carry out the link reaction and kerbs cycle |
Catalytic enzymes NAD Oxaloacetate Mitochondrial DNA Mitochondrial ribosomes |
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What is oxaloacetate ? |
A 4 carbon compound that accepts acetate from the link reaction |
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What does mitochondrial DNA code for? |
For mitochondrial enzymes and other proteins . |
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What is the role of the mitochondria outer membrane ? |
It contains protein ,channel or carrier,that allow the passage of molecules such as pyruvate |
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Give three features of the mitochondria inner membrane |
Different lipid composition to outer membrane Is folded into cristae Many embedded electron carriers and ATP synthase |
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What are the inner and outer membranes of mitochondria made up of? |
Phospholipid membrand |
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What are cristae and what is their function? |
Inner membrane folds that give the inner membrane a large surface area. |
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What is the matrix made up of? |
A mixture of proteins lipids ,looped mitochondria,DNA,ribosomes and enzymes . |
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What are mitochondria present in metabolically active cells ? |
Because they produce Atp |
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What five substances help the mitochondrial matrix carry out the link reaction and kerbs cycle |
Catalytic enzymes NAD Oxaloacetate Mitochondrial DNA Mitochondrial ribosomes |
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What is oxaloacetate ? |
A 4 carbon compound that accepts acetate from the link reaction |
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What does mitochondrial DNA code for? |
For mitochondrial enzymes and other proteins . |
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What is the role of the mitochondria outer membrane ? |
It contains protein ,channel or carrier,that allow the passage of molecules such as pyruvate |
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Give three features of the mitochondria inner membrane |
Different lipid composition to outer membrane Is folded into cristae Many embedded electron carriers and ATP synthase |
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What is a electron carrier? |
An enzyme each associated with a co factor |
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What are the inner and outer membranes of mitochondria made up of? |
Phospholipid membrand |
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How is a proton gradient built up between the intern embrace space and the matrix of mitochondria |
The inner membrane is impermeable to small ions ,protons accumulate in the inter membrane space,building up a proton gradient |
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What are cristae and what is their function? |
Inner membrane folds that give the inner membrane a large surface area. |
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What is the matrix made up of? |
A mixture of proteins lipids ,looped mitochondria,DNA,ribosomes and enzymes . |
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What are mitochondria present in metabolically active cells ? |
Because they produce Atp |
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What five substances help the mitochondrial matrix carry out the link reaction and kerbs cycle |
Catalytic enzymes NAD Oxaloacetate Mitochondrial DNA Mitochondrial ribosomes |
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What is oxaloacetate ? |
A 4 carbon compound that accepts acetate from the link reaction |
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What does mitochondrial DNA code for? |
For mitochondrial enzymes and other proteins . |
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What is the role of the mitochondria outer membrane ? |
It contains protein ,channel or carrier,that allow the passage of molecules such as pyruvate |
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Give three features of the mitochondria inner membrane |
Different lipid composition to outer membrane Is folded into cristae Many embedded electron carriers and ATP synthase |
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What is a electron carrier? |
An enzyme each associated with a co factor |
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What are the inner and outer membranes of mitochondria made up of? |
Phospholipid membrand |
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How is a proton gradient built up between the intern embrace space and the matrix of mitochondria |
The inner membrane is impermeable to small ions ,protons accumulate in the inter membrane space,building up a proton gradient |
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Name two features of ATP synthase enzymes |
Are large and protrude from inner membrane |
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What are cristae and what is their function? |
Inner membrane folds that give the inner membrane a large surface area. |
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What is the matrix made up of? |
A mixture of proteins lipids ,looped mitochondria,DNA,ribosomes and enzymes . |
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What are mitochondria present in metabolically active cells ? |
Because they produce Atp |
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What five substances help the mitochondrial matrix carry out the link reaction and kerbs cycle |
Catalytic enzymes NAD Oxaloacetate Mitochondrial DNA Mitochondrial ribosomes |
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What is oxaloacetate ? |
A 4 carbon compound that accepts acetate from the link reaction |
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What does mitochondrial DNA code for? |
For mitochondrial enzymes and other proteins . |
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What is the role of the mitochondria outer membrane ? |
It contains protein ,channel or carrier,that allow the passage of molecules such as pyruvate |
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Give three features of the mitochondria inner membrane |
Different lipid composition to outer membrane Is folded into cristae Many embedded electron carriers and ATP synthase |
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Name two features of ATP synthase enzymes |
Are large and protrude from inner membrane Allow protons to pass through them |
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How is ATP formed? |
Chemiosomisis. Protons flow down a concentration gradient .This drives rotation of an enzyme that joins ADP with Pi |
