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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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problem solving
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problem solving is when you want to reach a certain goal, but the solution is NOT immediately obvious
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problem finding
(William James) |
identifying a problem
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Newell and Simon (1972)
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compare problem-solving to a process of search
general problem solver (GPS) uses means-ends analysis - you know the end and you need to find the means necessary to get there |
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Initial state, goal state, operators, and path constraints....Newell and Simon cont.
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initial state: describes the situation at the beginning of the problem
goal state: when you solve the problem operators: tools or actions that can change the current state path constraints: ruling out some options or solutions (limited resources) example: elevator |
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Algorithm
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method that will always produce a solution to the problem, sooner or later
example: exhaustive search, trying out all possible answers using a specified system |
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trial and error approach
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blindly trying different options until you find a solution
instead of this most people have a plan, break the problem into parts and have a strategy |
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heuristic
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a reasonably efficient strategy that guides you through the problem space and narrows your search
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hill climbing strategy
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choosing the option that moves you toward the direction of your goal
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means-end analysis
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compare current state with goal state and decide what means you have to get there, reducing the problem into subproblems
current state:freshman goal state: graduation |
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Bransford and Stein
(1984) |
had students record thoughts and feelings when presented with a story algebra problem, negative thoughts occurred frequently during the task
NEGATIVE EMOTIONS can distract you from focusing on the problem on hand |
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ruminations
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fixating on negative thoughts
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representing the problem
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a good way to organize information
free up the load on working memory |
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matrices
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a chart that shows all possible combinations of items
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Visual images
Adeyemo |
asked students to imagine a coat rack made from specific items or imagine a familiar coat rack
construct a novel coat rack the common difficulty was misrepresenting information in the problem this is like the box of mathes example |
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context in problem solving:
ecological validity |
it is important to understand problem solving and cognition in a natural setting
example: standardized testing |
