A & P The Easy Way Chapter 3

Front 1

cytoplasm

Back 1

the gel-like substance serving as the foundation of the cell and it contains the largest cellular body, the nucleus

Front 2

the two major groups of cells

Back 2

prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Front 3

histone proteins

Back 3

provides a supportive framework for the DNA

Front 4

nuclear envelope

Back 4

a double-membrane structure consisting of two double layers of phospholipid, double that in the plasma membrane

Front 5

ribosomes

Back 5

any of the RNA and protein rich cytoplasmic granules that are sites of protein synthesis

Front 6

organelles

Back 6

specialized microscopic bodies within the cytoplasm

Front 7

flagella

Back 7

long, hairlike organelles providing movement for such cells as sperm cells

Front 8

cilia

Back 8

hairlike organelles that are shorter and more numerous than flagella.

Front 9

cytoskeleton

Back 9

an interconnected system of fibers, threads, and interwoven molecules giving structure to the cell

Front 10

main components of the cytoskeleton

Back 10

microtubules microfilaments intermediate filaments;

structure:

thin rods and tubules

function:

provides support to cytoplasm and help move objects within the cytoplasm

Front 11

Golgi body

Back 11

a cytoplasmic organelle that consists of a stack of smooth membranous saccules and associated vesicles and that is active in the modification and transport of proteins to other organelles

Front 12

endoplasmic reticulum

Back 12

structure:

network of interconnected membranes consisting of sacs and canals

function:

protein synthesis, membrane synthesis

Front 13

mitochandria

Back 13

structure:

membranous sacs with inner partitions

function:

site where energy released from food molecules and ATP synthesized

Front 14

lysosomes

Back 14

structure:

membranous sacs

function:

contains enzymes for intracellular digestion

Front 15

centrosome

Back 15

structure:

nonmembranous structure composed of two rodlike centrioles

function:

helps distribute chromosomes to daughter cells during cell reproduction and initiates formation of cilia

Front 16

vesicle

Back 16

structure:

membranous sacs

function:

contain various substances being transported within the cell

Front 17

nucleolus

Back 17

structure:

dense, nonmembranous body composed of protein and RNA

function:

contains materials to form ribosomes

Front 18

chromatin

Back 18

structure:

fibers composed of protein and DNA molecules

function:

contains genetic information for protein synthesis

Front 19

cell membrane

Back 19

structure:

membrane composed mainly of protein and lipid molecules

function:

maintains shape of cell and controls passage of materials into and out of cell

Front 20

plasma membrane

Back 20

a semipermeable limiting layer of cell protoplasm consisting of a fluid phospholipid bilayer with intercalated proteins. It separates the cell from the external environment.

Front 21

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Back 21

when ribosomes are present on the endoplasmic reticulum. the region where some protein synthesis occurs in the cell where the amino acids are chemically linked together to form proteins

Front 22

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Back 22

endoplasmic reticulum with no ribosomes. it is the site of lipid and membrane synthesis and calcium storage

Front 23

vacuole

Back 23

a cavity or vesicle in the cytoplasm of a cell containing fluid

Front 24

centriole

Back 24

one of a pair of cellular organelles that are adjacent to the nucleus and function in the formation of the spindle apparatus during cell division and consist of a cylinder with nine microtubules arranged peripherally in a circle

Front 25

glycolipid

Back 25

a lipid that contains a carbohydrate molecule

Front 26

six mechanisms for molecular movement across the cell membrane

Back 26

diffusion
osmosis
facilitated diffusion
active transport
endocytosis
exocytosis

Front 27

diffusion

Back 27

characteristics:

movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration

example:

diffusion of oxygen from lung into capillaries

Front 28

osmosis

Back 28

characteristics:

diffusion of water

example:

reabsorption of water from kidney tubules

Front 29

facilitated diffusion

Back 29

characteristics:

diffusion assisted by carrier protein

example:

diffusion of glucose into red blood cells

Front 30

active transport

Back 30

characteristics:

movement of molecules from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration assisted by carrier protein and energy from ATP

example:

reabsorption of salts from kidney tubules

Front 31

endocytosis

Back 31

characteristics:

membrane engulfs substance and draws it into cell in membrane-bound vesicles

example:

ingestion of bacterium by white blood cells

Front 32

exocytosis

Back 32

characteristics:

membrane-bound vesicle fuses with cell membrane, releasing its contents outside of cell

example:

release of neurotransmitters by nerve cells

Front 33

semipermeable membrane

Back 33

a membrane that lets only certain molecules pass through

Front 34

solute

Back 34

a chemical substance that is dissolved in water

Front 35

hypertonic

Back 35

a solution that has a higher (salt) concentration

Front 36

hypotonic

Back 36

a solution that has a lower salt concentration

Front 37

crenation

Back 37

shrinkage of red blood cells

Front 38

isotonic

Back 38

cells having the same salt concentration inside and out

Front 39

phagocytosis

Back 39

when endocytosis involves particulate matter

Front 40

pinocytosis

Back 40

when endocytosis involves droplets of fluid

Front 41

exergonic reaction

Back 41

any chemical reaction in which energy is released

Front 42

endergonic reaction

Back 42

energy that is obtained from some other source and stored in some form

Front 43

enzymes

Back 43

proteins that speed up chemical reactions while themselves remaining unchanged

Front 44

substrate

Back 44

a substance that is acted on by an enzyme molecule

Front 45

end products

Back 45

products of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

Front 46

metabolic pathway

Back 46

a sequence of chemical reactions occurring in a cell

Front 47

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Back 47

a chemical substance that serves the body as the immediate energy currency for virtually all cells

Front 48

what are the three parts of an ATP molecule

Back 48

adenine
ribose
phosphate units

Front 49

adenine

Back 49

a double-ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms

Front 50

ribose

Back 50

a small 5-carbon carbohydrate

Front 51

cell cycle

Back 51

the repetition of cellular growth and reproduction

Front 52

interphase

Back 52

the period during which the cell performs its unique functions

Front 53

mitosis

Back 53

the period of the cell cycle during which the DNA of the nucleus of the cell replicates and separates into two daughter cells

Front 54

cytokinesis

Back 54

the process in which the cytoplasm divides and two separate cells form

Front 55

three types of RNA

Back 55

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
transfer RNA (tRNA)
messenger RNA (mRNA)

Front 56

prokaryotes

Back 56

cells that lack a nucleus, internal cellular bodies (organelles) and do not divide by the process of mitosis.

Includes bacteria.

Front 57

eukaryotes

Back 57

cells that have a nucleus, internal cellular bodies and divide by the process of mitosis.

Includes plants, animals and humans.