A & P Test 4

Front 1

Functions of the heart

Back 1

generates blood pressure, helps to regulate blood flow

Front 2

Size of heart

Back 2

2 fists held together

Front 3

Location of heart

Back 3

mediastinum

Front 4

Base

Back 4

top of heart, with large vessels

Front 5

Apex

Back 5

bottom of heart, points down and to the left, at 5th intercostal space (ICS) and midclavicular line (MCL)

Front 6

Pericardial sac

Back 6

structure that protects the heart, serous membrane w 2 components/membranes

Front 7

Parietal pericardium

Back 7

outer membrane on heart

Front 8

Visceral pericardium

Back 8

membrane that touches the heart.

Front 9

Epicardium

Back 9

outermost heart wall

Front 10

Pericardual fluid

Back 10

fluid in between visceral and parietal pericardium

Front 11

atria

Back 11

2 upper chambers, left and right, responsible for receiving blood from body or lungs

Front 12

auricles

Back 12

flaps

Front 13

ventricles

Back 13

2 lower chambers, receive blood from their respective atria

Front 14

septa

Back 14

inner walls of the heart

Front 15

AV valves

Back 15

atrioventricular, found in the atrio-ventricular septum
2

Front 16

tricuspid

Back 16

right atriventricular valve

Front 17

bicuspid

Back 17

left atrioventricular valve

Front 18

Function of valves

Back 18

prevent backflow of blood

Front 19

Chordae tendenae

Back 19

off av valves, prevent backflow of blood

Front 20

2 semilunar valves

Back 20

pulomary semilunar valves (to lungs), aortic semilunar valve

Front 21

pulmonary trunk

Back 21

large diameter, takes blood to lungs

Front 22

Veins

Back 22

take blood back to heart

Front 23

Arteries

Back 23

take blood away from heart

Front 24

Vena cava

Back 24

largest arteries

Front 25

Superior vena cava

Back 25

brings blood back from body above diaphragm

Front 26

Inferior vena cava

Back 26

brings blood back from body below diphragm

Front 27

Pulmonary veins

Back 27

bring blood back from lungs to heart

Front 28

2 circuits of blood flow

Back 28

systemic
pulmonary

Front 29

Systemic circuit

Back 29

heart out around body and give it back, left ventricle to right atrium

Front 30

pulmonary circuit

Back 30

right ventricle to left atrium.

Front 31

blood flow

Back 31

sup. v.c.→tricuspid valve→pulm. s.l. valve → pulmonary trunk/arteries→lungs→pulmonary veins→left atrium→bicuspid→left ventricle→aortic s.l.valve→ aorta→arteries→capillary beds→grow to vena cava→ back to sup v.c.

Front 32

Function of blood (4)

Back 32

1. transport blood, waste, etc.
2. helps maintain pH balance
3. Helps maintain temperature
4. helps with hemostasis

Front 33

Composition

Back 33

plasma and formed elements

Front 34

plasma

Back 34

liquid, 55% of blood, contains solutes/ions

Front 35

formed elements

Back 35

cells or fragments of cells, 45%

Front 36

platelets

Back 36

red and white blood cells and cell fragments

Front 37

3 types of plasma proteins

Back 37

albumen (draw/attract water by osmosis), fibrinogen (clotting), globulin (transport, immunity)

Front 38

Hematocrit

Back 38

composition of blood, 55% plasma, 45% formed elements

Front 39

red blood cells

Back 39

biconcave disks, anucleated
5 mil RBC per pinhead drop.

Front 40

Fx of RBC

Back 40

carry oxygen- protein hemoglobin loads up with oxygen, can carry CO2
last about 4 months

Front 41

White blood cells

Back 41

intact, nucleated, larger
7,500 per pinhead drop

Front 42

Fx of WBC

Back 42

immunity, fighting cells

Front 43

Types of WBC

Back 43

Granulocytes (dots present)/Agranulocytes (dots not present)

Front 44

Types of granulocytes

Back 44

1. Neutrophils: fighters, bacterial infections, most abundant
2. eosinophils: allergic reactions, parasites
3. basophils: inflammatory/injury situations, least abundant

Front 45

Types of agranulocytes

Back 45

1. lymphocytes: specific fighters, viruses
2. monocytes: general fighters, larger, can engulf and phagotycize larger entities

Front 46

Eurythrocytes

Back 46

Red blood cells

Front 47

Leukocytes

Back 47

White blood cells

Front 48

platelets

Back 48

fragments of cells (350,000 per pinhead drop) formed from megakaryocytes, have irregular edges that help with clotting process

Front 49

hemocytoplast

Back 49

master blood cells, all cells come from it

Front 50

Hemostasis (3 steps)

Back 50

blood clotting process
1. vascular spasm: decreases diameter of vessel which slows doen blood flow, platelets stick.
2. platelet plug formation: not very solid, need fibers, fibrinogen (inactive)
3. blood clotting: fibrinogen, fibrin helps solidify platelet clot

Front 51

Blood grouping (4)

Back 51

A B AB O

Front 52

antigens

Back 52

proteins of surface of RBC

Front 53

Type A (antigens)

Back 53

have A antigens

Front 54

Type B (antigens)

Back 54

have B antigens

Front 55

Type AB

Back 55

have A and B antigens

Front 56

Type O

Back 56

has neither A or B antigens

Front 57

Antibodies

Back 57

fight against foreign bodies

Front 58

Type A (antibodies)

Back 58

has B antibodoes in plasma

Front 59

Type B (antibodies)

Back 59

Has A antibodies in plasma

Front 60

Type AB (antibodies)

Back 60

has neither A or B antibodies present in plasma

Front 61

Type O (antibodies)

Back 61

has both A and B antibodoes present in plasma

Front 62

Hemolysis

Back 62

breaking down

Front 63

Agglutination

Back 63

clumping

Front 64

rh factor

Back 64

rhesus factor (proein
+ rh protein present
- reh protein not present
may develop antibodies with exposure to + blood (mother to child)

Front 65

Hemolytic disease of newborns

Back 65

breakdown of rbs b/c of mother's antibodies beign exchanged w/ fetus rbc

Front 66

Thrombus

Back 66

clot formed in vessel

Front 67

Embolus

Back 67

when clot gets free and travels through blood stream

Front 68

hemophilia

Back 68

lack of clotting factor

Front 69

anemia

Back 69

low red blood cells, low O2

Front 70

polycythemia

Back 70

high rbc, makes blood thick

Front 71

leukemia

Back 71

cancer, high wbc, body wears out and lowers wbc count

Front 72

Electrical activity

Back 72

what keeps the heart beating

Front 73

electrical pathway

Back 73

SA node (pacemaker)→AV node→ bundle of His→ R/L bundle branches→purkinje fibers

Front 74

SA node

Back 74

bundle of cells, sends messages through atrial myocardia, atria contract at the same time

Front 75

AV node

Back 75

passes impulse throught bundle of His then to R/L bundle branches

Front 76

Perkinje fibers

Back 76

allow for ventricles to contract at the same time

Front 77

Cardiac cycle
time
3 components
2 terms

Back 77

8 sec.
systole/diastole
atrial systole/ventricular systole/ventricular diastole

Front 78

Systole

Back 78

contraction

Front 79

Diastole

Back 79

relaxation

Front 80

Atrial systole

Back 80

contraction of atrium, rids atria of blood, pushes it into ventricles, av valves open

Front 81

ventricular systole

Back 81

AV valves close/prevents backflow, semilunar valves open as ventricles contract

Front 82

ventricular diastole

Back 82

passive atrial filling, when pressure in atria is greater than in ventricles, av valves open, allows passive filling of ventricles

Front 83

Heart sounds (2)

Back 83

1. lub- 1st, louder, longer. AV valves closing
2. dub- 2nd, shorter, quieter. semilunar valves closing

Front 84

Cardiac output

Back 84

volume of blood out of left ventricle per minute

Front 85

Cardiac output formula

Back 85

stroke volume x heartrate
CO= H.R. x S.V.
72 x 70 mL/beat= 5,040 mL/min. 5 L per min.

Front 86

Intrinsic factors that regulate C.O.

Back 86

inside heart
exercise, ↑ blood ↑ stretch of walls (w/exercise)
↑ stroke volume
↑ hr

Front 87

Extrinsic factors that regulate C.O.

Back 87

outside heart
1. neurological: sympathetic div. of ans ↑ h.r., parasyp. div. lowers h.r.
2. chemoreceptors (chemical)/baroreceptors (pressure)

Front 88

Fx of circulation (4)

Back 88

1. carry blood
2. exchange blood
3. transport blood
4. maintain BP/Blood flow (w/ heart)

Front 89

3 types of blood vessels

Back 89

arteries, capillaries, veins

Front 90

Arteries

Back 90

always carry blood away from heart. thicker because of tunica medie and under higher pressure(aorta)

Front 91

Capillaries

Back 91

for exchange, network of emaller diameter components

Front 92

Veins

Back 92

thinner than arteries, carry blood back to the heart (vena cava), has less tunica media, lower pressure blood.

Front 93

3 tunics (layers)

Back 93

all 3 found in veins and arteries
1. tunica media or interna- touches blood
2. tunica media- muscular (smooth)
3. tunica externa- outermost

Front 94

Tunica intima

Back 94

simple squamous epithelium
endothilum and connective tissue

Front 95

Tunica media

Back 95

smooth muscle

Front 96

Tunica externa

Back 96

conective tissue for ease of exchange

Front 97

Capillary bed

Back 97

network, thin walled vessels, spread out for ↑ surface area, easy exchange.

Front 98

Veins- specializations in tunica intima to fight gravity and low pressure

Back 98

1. valves in tunica intima (pockets)
2. skeletal muscle contractions to milk blood ↑
3. difference in pressure between abdominal and thoracic cavity with breathing. w breath abc. cav press is greater thatn thoracic cav. pressure

Front 99

Blood pressure

Back 99

the measure of force on blood vessel walls

Front 100

systolic

Back 100

ventricular contraction, highest amt. of force on blood vessel wall (top #)

Front 101

diastolic

Back 101

ventricular relaxation, lowest amt. of force on blood vessel wall

Front 102

pulse

Back 102

pressure waves from LV contraction, should be equal bilaterally

Front 103

Heart attack

Back 103

coronary thrombosis, when coronary vessels are blocked, can't deliver blood or O2 to the myocardia

Front 104

infarc

Back 104

death of dissue

Front 105

Pace maker

Back 105

provide artificial electrical stimulation

Front 106

Varicose veins

Back 106

pooling of blood in veins, no valves

Front 107

Aneurisms

Back 107

weakening of blood vessel walls, can rupture

Front 108

high blood pressure

Back 108

hypertension, stress dietary or genetically related

Front 109

Factors that affect BP (3)

Back 109

1. cardiac output ↑= ↑ BP
2. ↑ blood vol. = ↑ BP
3. ↑ peripheral resistence = ↑ BP

Front 110

Peripheral resistence

Back 110

friction on vessel wall

Front 111

Fx of Lymphatic system

Back 111

1. fluid balance- picks up excess fluid
2. fat absorption
3. immunity

Front 112

Lymph

Back 112

fluid inside lymphatic system

Front 113

spleen

Back 113

LUQ located posterially, serves as a filter for blood or stores it

Front 114

tonsils

Back 114

help to protect against materials from outside, line respiratory and digestive pathways

Front 115

thymus

Back 115

behind sternum in mediastinum. produces and processes lymphocytes (immunity)

Front 116

lymph nodes

Back 116

filter lymph, for immunity

Front 117

lymphatic vessels

Back 117

start as blunt ended vessels in capillary beds, lead to heart

Front 118

lacteal

Back 118

for fat absorption, lymphatic capillaries

Front 119

edema

Back 119

swelling, lymphatic mm not picking up fluid

Front 120

allergies

Back 120

body's response to antigens, unable to get rid of antigens, they become allergens body can't get rid of.

Front 121

lupus

Back 121

autoimmune disorder, body fights against itself, genetic.
Skin redness, low grade fever, fatigue and arthritis.