A & P Test 2 Nervous System

Front 1

The supporting cells in the nervous system are:

Back 1

Neuroglia and glial cells

Front 2

How many types of support cells are in the CNS and what are the names?

Back 2

4-astrocytes
microglia
ependymal
oligodendrocytes

Front 3

How many types of support cells are in the PNS and give their names

Back 3

3- satellite
schwann cells
nerve fibers

Front 4

What two types of support cells produce myelin

Back 4

schwann and oligodendrocytes

Front 5

An astrocyte cell, a support cell, function is:

Back 5

clings to the neuron

Front 6

An microglia cell, a support cell, function is:

Back 6

in the brain and spinal cord they act as macrophages

Front 7

An ependymal cell, a support cell, function is:

Back 7

line central cavities of the brain, cerebral and spinal fluid

Front 8

An oligodendrocytes cell, a support cell, function is:

Back 8

produces myelin, coats nerves

Front 9

An schwann cell, a support cell, function is:

Back 9

also called neurolemmocytes-vital to regeneration of damaged peripheral cells

Front 10

What doe neurons do?

Back 10

Transmit electrical signals: sends impulses around your body.

Front 11

The ____ is a junction between neurons.

Back 11

synapse

Front 12

How do neurons communicate with each other?

Back 12

By releasing neurotransmitters from presynaptic neurons

Front 13

Neurotransmitters travel across a ______

Back 13

synaptic cleft

Front 14

What is the axonal terminal?

Back 14

The branching region where neurotransmitters are released to talk to other cells

Front 15

What is resting membrane potential?

Back 15

the polarization of a cell membrane, a form of potential energy, stored and used to do work

Front 16

Are plasma membranes permeable to negatively charged proteins?

Back 16

No

Front 17

What are plasma membranes permeable to ?

Back 17

K+ ions
Cl- ions

Front 18

What removes Na+ from the interior of the cell?

Back 18

Na/K ATPase pump

Front 19

Where is the largest concentration of Na+ to the membrane?

Back 19

Outside
K+ inside

Front 20

Chemically gated channels are found where?

Back 20

in the post synaptic membrane

Front 21

How are chemically gated channels opened?

Back 21

By the neurotrnasmitter binding to the receptors to open the channel

Front 22

Graded potentials travel by ____ and ______ distance _____ signals

Back 22

diffusion
short
electrical

Front 23

What causes depolarization or hyperpolarization?

Back 23

A graded potential

Front 24

A graded potential is...

Back 24

short lived, localized changes in the membrane potential; can be depolarization or hyperpolarization

Front 25

Can a single excitatory AP induce an action potential

Back 25

no

Front 26

Temporal summation is

Back 26

when one presynaptic neuron send multiple impulses at a high frequency

Front 27

spatial summation is

Back 27

when multiple presynaptic neurons fire simultaneously or close to that

Front 28

Hyperpolarization is a ____ in the membrane potential

Back 28

decrease

Front 29

Depolarization is an ____ in the membrane potential

Back 29

increase

Front 30

threshold is

Back 30

-55mV

Front 31

resting membrane is ___ mv

Back 31

-70mV

Front 32

a ___ increase the probablity that an Action potential will be produced

Back 32

depolarization

Front 33

The excitatory and inhibitory GP are totalled in the _____

Back 33

axon hillock

Front 34

The axon hillock determines is an AP will be generated is called the ____.

Back 34

all or nothing phenomenon, the basic process of intergration

Front 35

Long distance, self propagating electrical impulse

Back 35

action potential

Front 36

AP's propogation is aided by ------

Back 36

volatage gated sodium channels

Front 37

What is action potential formation

Back 37

the voltage gated channel Na+ opens at -55mV, Na+ moves into the cell, More Na+ comes in than K= going out, the membrane depolarizes and cause the next channel to open

Front 38

Action potential propogation

Back 38

depolariztion signals the next channel to open, domino effect, conitnuous influx and diffusion of Na-acts as electrical impulse (AP)

Front 39

After an AP signal passes throught the axon, ____ happens and how

Back 39

repolarization
by closing the Na+ channels and voltage gated channels K+

Front 40

The term for one voltage channel opening right after another is...and travels ___mi/hr

Back 40

continuous conduction
2

Front 41

travel along an axon is faster when....

Back 41

the axon is myelinated

Front 42

saltatory conduction refers to

Back 42

jumping from node to node, increases speed to 300 mi/hr

Front 43

sensory neurons are mainly which one(un)myelinated

Back 43

myelinated

Front 44

the area between the schwann cells or oligodendrocytes on an axon is called

Back 44

node of ranvier

Front 45

What is permeable to the myelin

Back 45

nothing in or out

Front 46

When the AP reachs the ____, neurotransmitters are released.

Back 46

axonal terminal

Front 47

What is the function of an AP

Back 47

to release chemical messages to other neurons, muscles or glands

Front 48

What disease is related to AP's

Back 48

MS

Front 49

MS is an ______ disease that destroys what?

Back 49

autoimmune disease
the myelin or oligodendrocytes

Front 50

What is the name of the lesion that is formed due to MS

Back 50

scleroses

Front 51

MS signs are

Back 51

reduced vision
speech impairment
loss of muscle control

Front 52

The Nervous system plays three roles, give the neuron name and its function

Back 52

Sensory neurons-gater info sensory imput
Interneurons- make the decision on what action to take
Motor neurons- carry out the orders by activating the effector organs

Front 53

Sensory input example, traffic light

Back 53

seeing a red light

Front 54

intergration example- red light

Back 54

need to stop send msg to motor neurons

Front 55

Motor output-ex red light

Back 55

activates the effector organs needed to brake

Front 56

2 divisions of the Nervous system

Back 56

CNS
PNS

Front 57

The CNS contains what?
Is located where?
Is responsible for what?

Back 57

the brain and spinal cord
occupy the dorsal cavity
intergrating and command center of the nervous system

Front 58

The PNS has ___ subdivisions

Back 58

2- sensory and motor

Front 59

The sensory division of the ___ consists of what

Back 59

PNS
nerve fibers that carry messages to the CNS

Front 60

When neurons are bring messages to or from somewhere they are packed as what

Back 60

bundled as nerves

Front 61

these neurons carry nerve impulses to the CNS through the ___ pathway

Back 61

sensory or afferent
afferent

Front 62

what sends messages from organs in the ventral body cavity ans give an example, and what division of the nervous system is it located

Back 62

visceral afferent fibers, eat-stomach stretches-i am full
PNS: sensory or afferent div.

Front 63

these neurons transmit impulses away from the CNS and have 2 divisions

Back 63

motor neurons
motor or efferent division
2 sub-div: somatic and autonomic

Front 64

What is the voluntary nervous system

Back 64

the somatic nervous sytem

Front 65

the somatic nervous system does what

Back 65

sends nerve impulses from CNS to the skeletal system. This is the ONLY thing we have control over--VOLUNTARY

Front 66

the autonomic system is reponsible for what

Back 66

sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

Front 67

the sympathetic division is known as ___, and does what

Back 67

fight or flight, energizes the body in emergencies or under stress

Front 68

Which division of the nervous system would be responsible for HR-up, BP-up, Blood to muscles-up, lungs bronchicals dialate- blood to heart-up

Back 68

Sympathetic

Front 69

system does
breathing down
HR down
housekeeping up
etc

Back 69

para-sympathetic

Front 70

Myelin sheaths in the ___ are formed by schwann cells

Back 70

PNS

Front 71

Myelin sheaths in the ___ are formed by oligodendrocyte cells

Back 71

CNS

Front 72

What are neuroglia/glial cells?

Back 72

supporting cells that surround and or connect neurons- 6 type: 4in CNS 2 in PNS

Front 73

What is the synaptic cleft?

Back 73

The space between the presynaptic neuron and the post synaptic membrane

Front 74

What crosses the synaptic cleft to send signals between neurons or to muscle ans glands?

Back 74

Neurotransmitters
they bind to postsynaptic neurons via receptors and the binding affects the postsynaptic activity.

Front 75

How are chemically gated channels signaled to open?

Back 75

When the appropriate neurotransmitter binds to the receptor on the Ion channel.

Front 76

When an ion channel opens as a result of neurotransmitters binding to the receptors on a post synaptic cell, what type of potential is formed?

Back 76

Graded potential

Front 77

Where are graded potentials found on the neurons?

Back 77

cell body and dendrites

Front 78

Two forms of summation

Back 78

temporal and spatial

Front 79

multiple presynaptic neurons send impulses simultaneously or close to that

Back 79

spatial summation

Front 80

one presynaptic neuron sending one impulse after the other over and over

Back 80

temporal summation

Front 81

3 mechanisms from removing neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft to halt thier signaling:

Back 81

degradation
reuptake
diffusion

Front 82

degradation terminates the neurotransmitter by:

Back 82

enzymes associated with the postsynaptic membrane or present in the synapse as with acetylcholine

Front 83

Reuptake terminates the neurotransmitter by:

Back 83

astrocytes of the presynaptic termial where the neurotransmitter is stored or destroyed by enzymes as with norepinephrine

Front 84

Diffusion terminates the neurotransmitter by:

Back 84

diffusion away from the synapse