A/p: Nervous System Glossary Terms

Front 1

Two different but interrelated systems of the nervous system:

Back 1

CNS and PNS

Front 2

The central nervous system includes what two structures?

Back 2

brain and spinal cord

Front 3

The peripheral nervous system includes what?

Back 3

All outlying nervous tissue eg cranial nerves, spinal nerves and sensory receptors.

Front 4

A network of intersecting nerves is called a...

Back 4

nerve plexus

Front 5

An area of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve is called a...

Back 5

dermatome

Front 6

The PNS is subdivided into what three parts?

Back 6

somatic nervous system
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
enteric nervous system (GI tract)

Front 7

Fx of somatic nervous system?

Back 7

controls skeletal muscle contractions

Front 8

Fx of autonomic nervous system?

Back 8

regulates:
smooth muscles
cardiac muscle
internal organs
glands

Front 9

Fx of enteric nervous system?

Back 9

controls the gastrointestinal tract, including
muscle contractions
secretions

Front 10

nickname for the enteric nervous system?

Back 10

"brain of the gut"

Front 11

Two divisions of the ANS:

Back 11

sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system

Front 12

"fight or flight" preparation is the role of the:

Back 12

sympathetic nervous system

Front 13

"rest and digest" preparation is the role of the:

Back 13

parasympathetic nervous system

Front 14

Two main types of nervous tissue cells:

Back 14

neurons and glia

Front 15

Cell that transmits electrical impulses from one part of the body to another =

Back 15

neuron

Front 16

Part of a nerve cell that receives incoming nerve impulses =

Back 16

dendrite

Front 17

Part of a nerve cell that carries signals away from the body of the cell =

Back 17

axon

Front 18

Two other names for "glial cells" are:

Back 18

neuroglia or glia

Front 19

Supporting nerve cells that provide supportive fx eg insulation =

Back 19

glial cells

Front 20

Do neurotransmitters inhibit or stimulate the next neuron?

Back 20

Either

Front 21

Neurotransmitters are released at the tip of the X into the Y at the Z...

Back 21

axon
synapse
synaptic cleft

Front 22

This is the electrical signal that rapidly propagates along the axon of nerve cells and over the surface of some muscle and glandular cells to transfer information.

Back 22

action potential

Front 23

This principle states that muscle fibers always contract completely each time they are stimulated by their motor neuron, and that they do not contract at all if they are not stimulated by their motor neuron.

Back 23

all-or-none

Front 24

This is the universal energy storage molecule

Back 24

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Front 25

this is the external plasma membrane of an axon

Back 25

axolemma

Front 26

the part of a neuron that carries messages away toward target cells

Back 26

axon

Front 27

the swelling of an axon where it joins a neuron's cell body; where action potentials are generated

Back 27

Axon hillock

Front 28

the cytoplasm of a neuron =

Back 28

axoplasm

Front 29

a neuron with two projections arising from opposite ends of the cell body

Back 29

Bipolar neuron

Front 30

a gap between two neurons in the brain across which an impulse is transmitted by diffusion from one neuron to another by means of a chemical neurotransmitter

Back 30

chemical synapse

Front 31

disintegration or damage to a part of a cell due to overexhaustion or injury

Back 31

chromatolysis

Front 32

the transmission of nerve impulses or electricity

Back 32

conduction

Front 33

the amount of charge carried during a unit of time (miniscule, in the nervous system)

Back 33

current

Front 34

the receptive surface of a neuron

Back 34

dendrite

Front 35

a threadlike projection, like the branch of a tree

Back 35

dendrite

Front 36

movement of the membrane potential in the positive direction from its normal negative level

Back 36

depolarization

Front 37

a chemical neurotransmitter which is also a hormone

Back 37

dopamine

Front 38

This is a two word term for a junction where two excitable cells meet (neurons or muscle cells)

Back 38

electrical synapse

Front 39

a natural opiate produced by the brain to diminish pain

Back 39

endorphin

Front 40

the ability for an action to take place is called:

Back 40

excitability

Front 41

the destruction of neurons caused by prolonged excitation of synaptic transmissions

Back 41

excitotoxicity

Front 42

specialized cells that surround neurons, providing mechanical and physical support and electrical insulation

Back 42

glia

Front 43

areas of the brain where thought takes place, composed mostly of nerve cell bodies and blood vessels

Back 43

grey matter

Front 44

interrupting or preventing an action or secretion (adjective)

Back 44

inhibitory

Front 45

the electrical potential difference across a membrane =

Back 45

membrane potential

Front 46

a neuron with numerous processes, usually an axon and three or more dendrites =

Back 46

multipolar neuron

Front 47

a layer of insulation that surrounds nerve fibers and speeds up the conduction of electrical impulses

Back 47

myelin sheath

Front 48

a hormone and also the neurotransmitter for most of the sympathetic nervous system

Back 48

norepinephrine

Front 49

the major organelle of a neuron

Back 49

nucleus

Front 50

the only output neuron that send signals away from the cerebellum

Back 50

purkinje cell

Front 51

a type of neuron in the cerebral cortex shaped like a pyramid

Back 51

pyramidal cell

Front 52

a "resting period" between nerve impulses

Back 52

refractory period

Front 53

the time after a neuron fires, during which a stimulus will not evoke a response

Back 53

refractory period

Front 54

the time after a muscle contracts during which a stimulus will not evoke a response

Back 54

refractory period

Front 55

This is a specific inhibitory interneuron

Back 55

renshaw cell

Front 56

the point at which a stimulus first produces a response

Back 56

threshold

Front 57

a neuron with a single process (an axon, but no dendrites) resulting from the fusion of two polar processes=

Back 57

Unipolar neuron

Front 58

having no insulating sheath =

Back 58

unmyelinated

Front 59

unmyelinated neurons conduct neurons in what way? (adverb)

Back 59

slowly

Front 60

the portion of the CNS (including the cerebellum) made of nerve fibers

Back 60

white matter

Front 61

myelinated nerve fibers in the white matter of the brain carries information between what two structures?

Back 61

between the brain and the spinal cord