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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Three types of muscle
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Skeletal
Smooth Cardiac |
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Most muscle is
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Skeletal
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Skeletal muscle is
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Striated
Voluntary |
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Cardiac muscle is
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Striated
Involuntary |
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Smooth muslce is
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Not striated
Involunatary |
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Smooth muscle
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Systems with automatic functions
-digestive tract, blood vessels, urogenital tract |
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Cardiac muscle
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Responsible for the circulation of blood
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Functions of the muscular system
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all based on contraction (shortening) of muscles
-Contrat to change positions -Maintain joint angles against gravity -Produce heat by shivering |
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Skeletal Muscle Organization
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-Arranged in bundles
-Endomysium (inside bundle) -Perimysium Epimysium (outside layer) |
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How are muscles shaped?
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-Sheets
-Bundles -Spindle shaped -Feather |
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Arrangement of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
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Parallel
-sheets -bands Fusiform -Spindle shaped -Tapered at both ends Penniform -feather-like |
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Three types of penniform arrangements
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Unipennate (one side)
Bipennate (two sides) Multipennate (three+ sides) |
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Tendon attachment
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Fibrous bands of collagen connect muscle to bone
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Aponeuroses
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Flat sheets of tendons
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Origin
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less moveable attachment (usually proximal)
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Insertion
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More moveable attachment (usually distal)
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Flexor
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muscle on the side of the limb toward which the joint bens
decreases angle of 2 bones |
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Extensor
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muscle on the opposite side of the flexor
increases angle of 2 bones |
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Adductor
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muscles that pull limb toward median line
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Abductor
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muscles that tend to move the limb away from the median plane
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Sphincter muscles
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muscles that surround an opening (striated or smooth)
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Sphinctor muscles (striated)
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orbicularis oculi (eyelids)
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Sphinctor muscles (smooth)
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pyloric sphincter (surrounds the opening between the stomach and the small intestine that controls the passage of food
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Agonist
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causes movement
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Antagonist
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opposes movement
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Thoracic limb acts on...
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shoulder
elbow carpus digits |
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Pelvic limb acts on...
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hip
stifle hock (tarsus) digit |
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Head acts on...
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mastication
facial expression |
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Trunk and neck act on...
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vertebral column
abdominal function respiration |
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Abdominal muscles act on...
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organs of the digestive system
used in regurgitation and forced expression |
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Common muscles: front limb
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trapezius
serratus ventralis brachiocephalicus latissimus dorsi pectorals biceps triceps |
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Trapexius:
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head to lumbar vertebrae
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Serratus ventralis:
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fan shaped muscle from cervical vertebrae to scapula
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Brachiocephalicus:
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main extensor of the shoulder
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Latissiums dorsi:
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flexor of the shoulder
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Pectorals:
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primary muscle in the brisket
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Biceps:
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flexor of the elbow
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Triceps:
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extensor of the elbow
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Hamstring muscles:
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main extensors of the hip
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Sternocephalicus:
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flexor of the head
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Abdominal muscles aid in...
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defacation
urination parturition regurgitation repiration |
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sarcolemma
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outer cell membrane
connects the muscle fiber to the tendinous part of the muscle/tendon |
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nuclei
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numerous
beneath sarcolemma |
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slow twitch fibers (red)
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contract slowly but for long periods
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fast twitch fibers (white)
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Contraction is fast
does not generate ATP as fast, more prone to fatigue |
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mitochondria
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powerhouse
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Myofibril
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basic unit of contraction
myosin (thick) filaments actin (thin) filaments |
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I-Band
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light
contains only actin (thin) filaments |
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A-Band
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dark
where actin and myosin (thin and thick) overlap |
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Hypertrophy
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increase in cell size
excess work athlete's heart can happen in high altitude |
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'pacemaker'
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Sino-atrial (S-A) node
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