Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
310 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
above, along the long axis, toward the head
|
superior (cranial)
|
|
below, along the long axis, toward the tail
|
inferior (caudal)
|
|
front, most forward bellyside
|
anterior (ventral)
|
|
back, toward backside of body
|
posterior (dorsal)
|
|
toward the midline
|
medial
|
|
away from the midline or medial
|
lateral
|
|
nearer the trunk or attached end
|
proximal
|
|
farther from the trunk or point of attachment
|
distal
|
|
toward or at the body surface
|
superficial (external)
|
|
away from the body surface, inside
|
deep (internal)
|
|
Describe the anatomical position
|
body is erect, feet slightly apart, head and toes pointed forward, arms hanging at sides, palms facing forward
|
|
Body Plane: down the median line but not center
|
para sagittal
|
|
Body Plane: down te center
|
mid sagittal; right and left
|
|
Body Plane: longitudal, divides into anterior/postior parts
|
frontal (coronal)
|
|
Body Plane: horizontal, dividing superior & inferior parts
|
transverse (horizontal, cross section)
|
|
orbital
|
eye
|
|
buccal
|
cheek
|
|
cervical
|
neck
|
|
throacic
|
chest
|
|
axillary
|
armpit
|
|
brachial
|
arm
|
|
umbilical
|
naval
|
|
abdominal
|
abdomen
|
|
antecubital
|
front of elbow
|
|
inguinal
|
groin
|
|
femoral
|
thigh
|
|
pubic
|
genital
|
|
scapular
|
shoulder blades
|
|
lumbar
|
loin
|
|
gluteal
|
buttocks
|
|
popliteal
|
back of knee
|
|
sural
|
calf
|
|
occipital
|
back of head or base of skull
|
|
deltoid
|
back of shoulder
|
|
cubital (olecranal)
|
back of elbow
|
|
Head, Neck and Trunk form what body region?
|
axial region
|
|
Appendages or limbs form what body region?
|
appendicular region
|
|
This region consists of the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis
|
Trunk (torso)
|
|
Total magnification is computed by
|
multiplying the ocular magnification by the objective magnification
|
|
Scanning power is ___x
|
4
|
|
Low power is ___x
|
10
|
|
High power is ____x
|
40
|
|
Oil immersion is ____x
|
100
|
|
Composed of all atoms and molecules necessary to maintain life
|
chemical level
|
|
cells are made of molecules
|
cellular level
|
|
consists of similiar types of cells
|
tissue level
|
|
made of up different types of tissue
|
ogran level
|
|
consists of different organs that work closely together
|
system level
|
|
made up of the organ system
|
organism level (human)
|
|
Which organ system is responsible for providing an external body coverin and protection?
|
integumentary (skin)
|
|
The diaphragm muscle forms the floor of a cavity located inside the rib cage. This cavity is the
|
thoracic
|
|
The large cavity below the diaphragm is named the
|
abdominal cavity
|
|
Which organ occupies almost all of the space in the cranial cavity?
|
the brain
|
|
In what cavitity is the spinal cord located?
|
vertebral and dorsal
|
|
Where are the internal reproductive organs located?
|
pelvic cavity
|
|
Adenine binds with
|
Thymine
|
|
Cytosine binds with
|
Guanine
|
|
Where in the cell is DNA located?
|
nucleus
|
|
Where does replication occur?
|
in the nucleus
|
|
When you have two molecules and each one has an "old" strand and a "new" strand, this is called what?
|
semi conservative replication
or DNA replication |
|
The diaphragm muscle forms the floor of a cavity located inside the rib cage. This cavity is the
|
thoracic
|
|
The large cavity below the diahragm is named the ____ cavitity
|
abdominal
|
|
Which organ system is responsible for providing an external body covering and protection?
|
integumentary (skin)
|
|
Which organ occupies almost all of the space in the cranial cavity?
|
the brain
|
|
In what cavitity is the spinal cord located?
|
vertebral and dorsal
|
|
Where are the internal reproductive organs located?
|
pelvic cavitity
|
|
DNA provides a linear arrangement of genes which are located within the _____ coiled with proteins and called _____
|
nucleus
Chromatin (DNA & protein) |
|
Describe the shape of DNA
|
double stranded polymer
sides: sugar phosphate rungs: nitrogenous bases |
|
Adenine binds with _____
|
Thymine
|
|
Cytosine binds with _____
|
Guanine
|
|
Where in the cell is DNA located?
|
nucleus
|
|
Where does replication occur?
|
nucleus
|
|
When you have 2 molecules and each one has one "old" strand and one "new" strand, this is called what?
|
semi conservative or DNA replication
|
|
The enzymes that add nucleotides to te new growing DNA chain are ___
|
DNA polymerase
|
|
Transcription is the process of taking the genetic message from the _____ to the ______
|
nucleus
cytoplasma |
|
RNA is different from DNA in:
1. 2. 3. |
1. single stranded
2. sugar ribose (instead of deyoxyribose) 3. base is uracil (instead of thymine) |
|
Translation uses the information carried on the RNA to assemble _____ chains, and when finished these chains become _____
|
polypeptide
protein |
|
Building block of nucleic acids; consist of sugar, a nitrogen-containing base & a phosphate group
|
nucleotide
|
|
A, G, T, C, U
|
nitrogenous bases
|
|
A (adenine) and G (guanine)
|
purines
|
|
C (cytosine) T (thymine) U (uracil)
|
pyridines
|
|
DNA is what?
|
deoxyribonucleic acid; a nucleic acid found in all living cells, carries the organisms hereditary information
|
|
barlike bodies of tightly coiled chromatins; visiable during cell division
|
chromosomes
|
|
Makes up 60% of chromatin
|
histone
|
|
What determines the order of amino acids in the polypeptide chain?
|
DNA codons
|
|
codon is what
|
3 nucleotides
|
|
rRNA
|
ribsomal RNA
|
|
tRNA
|
transfer RNA
|
|
mRNA
|
messenger RNA
|
|
Transcription is also known as what
|
protein synthesis
|
|
fundamental unit of chromatin; consists of a strand of DNA wound around a cluster of 8 histone proteins; also called chromatid (genetic material)
|
nucleosome
|
|
structures in the DNA that carry the hereditity factors; made of DNA and protein
|
chromatin
|
|
a chain of amino acids
|
polypeptide
|
|
complex substance containing carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen; composes 10-30% of cell mass
|
protein
|
|
organic compound containing carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen; building block of protein
|
amino acid
|
|
transfer; short chain RNA molecules that transfer amino acids to the ribosome
|
tRNA
|
|
messenger; long nucleotide strands that reflect the exact nucleotide sequence of the genetically active DNA and carry the message of the latter
|
mRNA
|
|
ribosomal; a constituent of ribosome; exists within the ribosomes of cytoplasma and assists in protein synthesis
|
rRNA
|
|
cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized
|
ribosome
|
|
provides an area for storage and transport of the proteins made on the ribosomes to other cell areas; has the ribosomes
|
rough endoplasmic reticulum
rough ER |
|
has no function in protein synthesis, rather site of steroid and lipid synthesis, metabolism and drug detox, transfers
|
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
smooth ER |
|
the 3 base sequence on a messnger RNA molecule that provides the genetic information used in protein synthesis
|
codon
|
|
3 base sequence complementary to the messenger RNA codon
|
anti codon
|
|
the cellular material surrounding the nucleus and enclosed by the plasma membrane
|
cytoplasma
|
|
nitrogenous base + sugar phosphate =
|
nucleotide
|
|
2 complementary nucleotides =
|
nucleotide pair
|
|
______ occurs in the nucleus, uses mRNA, and replaced T (thymine) with _____
|
Transcription
U (uracil) |
|
______ occurs outside the nucleus in the cytoplasma, ____ and ____ are used
|
Translation
rRNA tRNA |
|
___RNA is found in the ribosomes during translation
|
r
|
|
___RNA brings in the amino acids during translation
|
t
|
|
Body Movement: arm raised, leg bent to the back at knee
|
Flexion
|
|
Body Movement: arm extended backwards, leg straight brought parallel to other leg
|
Extension
|
|
Flexion is opposite of
|
Extension
|
|
Extension is opposite of
|
Flexion
|
|
Body Movement: away from body (leg or arm)
|
abduction
|
|
Body Movement: towards body (leg or arm)
|
adduction
|
|
Opposite of abduction
|
adduction
|
|
Opposite of adduction
|
abduction
|
|
Body Movement: radius & ulna are parallel
|
supination (soup in my hand...palm up)
|
|
Body Movement: radius rotates over ulna
|
pronation (palm down in prone position)
|
|
Opposite of supination
|
pronation
|
|
Opposite of pronation
|
supination
|
|
Body Movement: closing of mouth (mandible)
|
elevation
|
|
Body Movement: opening of mouth (mandible)
|
depression
|
|
Opposite of elevation
|
depression
|
|
Opposite of depression
|
elevation
|
|
Body Movement: swinging leg outward
|
lateral rotation
|
|
Body Movement: swinging leg inward
|
medial rotation
|
|
Opposite of lateral rotation
|
medial rotation
|
|
Opposite of medial rotation
|
lateral rotation
|
|
Body Movement: sole of foot turns medially
|
inversion
|
|
Body Movement: sole of foot faces laterally
|
eversion
|
|
Opposite of inversion
|
eversion
|
|
Opposite of eversion
|
inversion
|
|
seperates cell contents from the surrounding environment
|
plasma membrane
|
|
watery environment, cellular material surrounding the nucleus & enclosed b the plasma membrane
|
cytoplasm
|
|
control center, necessary for reproduction
|
nucleus
|
|
provides an area for storage & transport of te proteins made on the ribosomes to other cell areas
|
rough endoplasmic reticulum
|
|
has no function in protein synthesis; rather it is a site of steroid & lipid synthesis, lipid metabolism & drug detoxification, transfers
|
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
|
|
tiny sperical bodies composed of RNA & protein; actual site of protein synthesis; floating free or attached to a membranous structure (rough ER) in the ctytoplasm
|
ribosome
|
|
found close to the nucleus; plays a role in packaging prteins or other substances for export from the cell or incorporation into the plasma membrane & in packaging lysosomal enzymes
|
golgi complex (apparatus)
|
|
contains enzymes that oxidize foodstuffs to produce cellular energy (ATP); power house of the cell
|
mitochondria
|
|
various sized membranous sacs containing digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases); functions to digest worn out cell organelles & foreign substances that enter the cell; have the capacity of total cell destruction if ruptured
|
lysosome
|
|
small lysosoe like membranous sacs containing oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen, peroxide & other harmful chemicals
|
peroxisome
|
|
located in the nucleus, small round body composed primarily of proteins & ribsomal particles, which are the actual protein - synthesizing "factories", mass of largely RNA
|
nucleolus
|
|
provide cellular support; function in intracellular transport, formed largely of actin, a contractile protein & thus are important in cell mobility (muscle cells)
|
microfilament
|
|
provide cellular support; function in intracellular transport form the internal structure of the centrioles & help determine cell shape
|
microtubule
|
|
paired, cyliindrical bodies lie at right angles to each other close to nucleus, direct the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division, form the base of cilia & flagella
|
centriole
|
|
"eyelashes", whiplike motile cellular extensions that occur, typically in large numbers on the exposed surface of certain cells, moves substances in one direction across cell surfaces
|
cilium
|
|
projections formed by centrioles that are substantially longer; "tail", propels the cell itself (sperm)
|
flagellum
|
|
membrane bound compartment that serves a variety of secretory, excretory & storage functions, transport (bad cholestrol)
|
vacuole
|
|
engulf outside to bring it in, similiar to phagocytosis; below or touching cell membrane
|
pinocytic vesicle
|
|
onset cell division, chromatin threads coil & shorten to form these, densly staining, short, barlike,
|
chromosome
|
|
spreading of particles in gas or solution wiht movement toward uniform distribution
|
diffusion
|
|
passage of a solvent & dissolved substances through a membrane or filter
|
filtration
|
|
the movement of large particles & macromolecules across a plasma membrane
|
vesicular
|
|
substances cross membrane without engery input from the cell
|
passive transport
|
|
cells provide the metabolic energy (ATP) needed to move substances across membrane
|
active transport
|
|
Diffusion is based on
|
concentration gradients
|
|
Filtration is based on
|
pressure gradient
|
|
Relationship between molecular weight and diffusion rate is what
|
higher the molecular weight, the less diffusion will occur; particles are larger/heavier therefore do not move far/fast
|
|
Inside cell: +NaCl/H2O
(distilled water relationship) |
Hypotonic (cell could explode)
|
|
Inside cell: -NaCl/H2O
(3% solution) |
Hypertonic (cell shrinks)
|
|
Inside cell: NaCl/H20 equal
(85% solution) |
Isotonic (no movement, concentrations equal)
|
|
diffusion of a solvent through a membrane from a dilute solution into a more concentrated one
|
osmosis
|
|
the spreading of particles in a gas or solution with a movement toward a uniform distribution of particles
|
diffusion
|
|
the unassisted transport accross a plasma membrane of a lipid-soluable or very small particle
|
simple diffusion
|
|
the ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by altering their internal water volume
|
tonicity
(tono=tension) |
|
solutions with the same concentrations of nonpenatrating solutes as those found in cells (.9% saline, 5% glucose)
|
isotonic
|
|
solutions with a higher concentration of nonpenatrating solute that seen in the cell
|
hypertonic
|
|
solutions that are more dilute, contain lower concentrations of nonpenatrating solutes
|
hypotonic
|
|
passage of a solvent & dissolved substance through a membrane or filter
|
filtration
|
|
diffusion of a solute(s) through a semipermeable membrane
|
dialysis
|
|
Filtration is primarily dependent on a ______ gradient
|
pressure
|
|
subdivision of microscopic anatomy, which considers the cells of the body
|
cytology
|
|
hairs
|
stereocilia
(page 588) |
|
tiny projections on the free surfaces of some epithelial cells; increase surface area for absorption "little shaggy hairs"
|
mmicrovilla
|
|
main carbohydrate stored in animal cells, a polysaccharide
|
glycogen
|
|
hormone formed by alpha cells of pancreatic islets, raises the glucose level of blood
|
glucagon
|
|
passive transport used by certain molecules (glucose, simple sugars) too large to pass through plasma membrane pores; involves movement through channels or movement with the aid of a membrane carrier
|
facilitated diffusion
|
|
how many DNA strands are present at the completion of replication?
|
2 (1 strand being composed of 2 sides and rungs)
|
|
Bonding that occurs between 2 nucleotides
|
hydrogen bonding
|
|
chemical bond created by electron sharing between atoms (sugar & nitrogenous base in DNA strands)
|
covalent bodning
|
|
1 of 2 major steps in the transfer of genetic code information involving the transfer of information from a DNA genes base sequence to the complimentary base sequence of a mRNA molecule
|
transcription
|
|
1 of the 2 major steps in the transfer of genetic code information, in which the information carried by the mRNA is decoded & used to assemble polypeptides
|
translation
|
|
RNA stands for what
|
ribonucleic acid
|
|
nucleic acid that contains ribose & the bases A,G,C,U; carries out DNAs instructions for protein synthesis
|
RNA
|
|
a smaller single ring base (pyrimidine) found in RNA
|
uracil
|
|
RNA uses to copy
|
DNA template
|
|
control center of the cell
|
contains genetic material
|
|
dense spherical bodies in the cell nucleus involved with ribosomal subunit synthesis & storage
|
nucleolus
|
|
A T G C U (rung of the DNA ladder)
|
nitrogenous bases
|
|
What determines the order of amino acids in the polypeptide chain?
|
DNA codons
|
|
Do transcription & translation occur in all cells? Explain.
|
Yes. all cells need protein. Transcription - Translation - Proteins
|
|
How do cells & organisms obtain biomolecules other than proteins? (Glycogen, starch, carbohydrates, lipids)
|
Eat & bring from the outside
|
|
a chain of amino acids
|
polypeptide
|
|
Mitotic cell division in animal cells involves 2 processes: a_____ b_____
|
a. Mitosis
b. cytokinesis |
|
an exact duplication & division of chromosomes of the parent cell into 2 offspring nuclei, each one identical to the parent nucleus
|
mitosis
|
|
a division of the cell cytoplasm
|
cytokinesis
|
|
Mitosis & cytokinesis occur for several purposes.
a._____ b._____ c._____ |
a. GROWTH of an organism from a one-celled zygote to a multicellular adult
b. REPAIR of injured tissuees c. REPLACE worn out cells |
|
The _____ chromosomes in the nucleus contain all the information (genes) cells needed in order to function.
|
chromosomes
|
|
If the parent cell contains 24 chromosomes, each offspring cell will have ____ chromosomes.
|
24
|
|
How many chromosomes are contained within the nucleus of a human somatic cell _____? human sex cell _____?
|
somatic = 46
sex = 23 |
|
_____ begins during late anaphase & continues through & beyond telophase.
|
cytokinesis
|
|
the division of cytoplasm that occurs after the cell nucleus has divided.
|
cytokinesis
|
|
What process is responsible for the distribution of new organells constructed from raw material in the cell or divided from previous organelles (mitochondria), evenly between the two offspring cells?
|
cytokinesis
|
|
During _____ the nucleus has a grainy appearance; the grains are visible parts of the uncoiled chromosomes called _______
|
interphase
chromatin |
|
During ______, the genetic material, now called ______, are tightly coiled & are visible as ribbons in the nucleus.
|
prophase
chromosomes |
|
How many homologous pairs does a cell 2n=16 have?
|
8
|
|
How many chromosomes does a diploid cell have where n=11?
|
2n= 2(11) = 22
|
|
The chromosomes replicate/duplicate themselves during _____. The resulting chromatids remain attached to each other at the _____. Each chromosome is composed of 2 identical _____. The chromosome is also called a _____. The chromatids seperate in ____ and are then considered individual chromosomes again.
|
mitosis
centriomeres chromatids dyad anaphase |
|
1st mitotic phase, consisting of the chromosomes accompanied by migration of the 2 daughter centrioles toward the poles of the cell & nuclear membrane breakdown
|
prophase
|
|
2nd stage, chromosomes cluster at the middle of the cell, with their cetriomeres precisely aligned at the exact center of the spindle
|
metaphase
|
|
2rd phase in whic a full set of daughter chromosomes move toward each pole of a cell
|
anaphase
|
|
4th & final phase, begins when migration of chromosomes to the poles of the cells have been completed & ends with the formation of 2 daughter nuclei
|
telophase
|
|
the division of cytoplasm that occurs after the cell nucleus has divided
|
cytokinesis
|
|
when the center of the cell (the spindle equator) is drawn inward by the activity of a contractile ring made of actin filaments
|
cleavage furrow
|
|
thin strands of contractile protein actin, spindle fibers
|
microfilaments
|
|
small, buton like body that the chromatids of each chromosome are held together by
|
centromere
|
|
dyad is the same as a ______, which is 2 chromosomes
|
homologous pair
|
|
1/2 the number of chromosomes of the parent cell
|
haploid
ie: human sex cells |
|
1n is for what type of cell
|
haploid
|
|
full number of chromosomes
|
diploid cell
human cell of muscle/tissue |
|
2x the haploid cell is a ____
|
diploid
|
|
process during which the chromosomes are re-distributed to 2 daughter nuclei; nuclear division
|
mitosis
|
|
nuclear division process that reduces the chromosomal number by 1/2
|
reduction phase of Meiosis I
|
|
2nd phase of meiosis II is known as what
|
equational divison
|
|
The end result of Meiosis is the formation of ___
|
4 haploid cells
|
|
Haploid cells have ____ the chromosomes of the parent cell
|
1/2
|
|
chromosomes replicate but chromatids are not visible
|
interphase
|
|
chromatids seperate at the centromere & move toward opposite ends of the cell, attached to spindle fibers. (cytokinesis may have started here)
|
anaphase
|
|
chromosomes come together & uncoil. Nuclear membrane reappears. Spindle apparatus disappears. (cytokensis is occuring here)
|
telophase
|
|
centromeres attach to the short or kinetochore spindle fibers in the cetner of the cell
|
metaphase
|
|
cleavage furrow forms, separating cytoplasm.
|
cytokinesis
|
|
leading to DNA replication & cell division
|
Meiosis I
|
|
begins with products from Meiosis 1 (2 haploid daughter cells), undergoes mitosis - like nuclear division, product is 4 haploid daughter cells, genetically different from the original mother cell
|
Meiosis II
|
|
segregates homologous chromosomes
|
reductional division
|
|
segregates sister chromatids
|
equational division
|
|
structure within the DNA that carries hereditary factors; made up of DNA & protein
|
chromain
|
|
centromeres of dyad align on metaphase plaste
|
metaphase II
|
|
homologous chromosomes (tetrads) seperate into dyads
|
anaphase I
|
|
2 nuclei form with unpaired chromosomes. nuclear membranes may or may not reform. cytokinesis usually occurs
|
telophose
|
|
may or may not occur. chromosomes may recondense, spindle apparatus reforms in a plane perpendicular to that in Meiosis I
|
prophase II
|
|
chromosomes condense & form tetrads. (synapsis) crossing over occurs, nuclear membrane disappears, spindle apparatus forms. longest phase
|
prophase I
|
|
dyads (sister chromatids) seperate
|
anaphase II
|
|
chromosomes come together, nuclear membrane reforms, spindle apparatus disappears, cytokinesis occurs
|
telophase II
|
|
chromosomes replicate (form dyads of chromotids)
|
interphase
|
|
tetrads are aligned on metaphase plate with centromeres attached to spindle fibers. centromeres repel each other
|
metaphase I
|
|
At the end of telophase II (human cell) there are ____ haploid cells. Each cell has _____ the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
|
23
1/2 |
|
sperm cell meiosis
|
spermatogenesis
|
|
egg cell meiosis
|
oogenesis
|
|
In humans, spermatogenesis takes ______ weeks.
|
2 to 3
|
|
the outermost tubule cells, stem cells, which are in direct contact with teh epithelial basal lamina
|
spermatogonia
|
|
spermatogonia is a _____ cell
|
diploid
|
|
Type B spermatogonia; gets pushed to the lumen, destined to produce 4 sperm
|
primary spermatocytes
|
|
primary spermatocytes are ____ cells
|
diploid
|
|
2 smaller cells formed when each primary spermatocyte generated during the 1st phase undergoes meiosis I
|
secondary spermatocytes
|
|
secondary spermatocytes are _____ cells
|
haploid
|
|
daughter cells from the secondary spermatocytes continuing on rapidly into meiosis II
|
spermatid
|
|
spermatid are _____ cells
|
haploid
|
|
full sperm at the end of meiosis
|
spermatozoa
|
|
spermatozoa is a _____ cell
|
haploid
|
|
At the end of meiosis, a spermatogonia will produce ____ functioning cells.
|
4
|
|
At the end of meiosis, a oogonia will produce ____ functioning cells.
|
1
|
|
When is the oocyte released from the ovary?
|
ovulation
|
|
Is the oocyte mature when it is released during ovulation and has it completed meiosis?
|
no
no |
|
If, & only if, _______ occurs, the second division (equatorial division) will be completed producing 2 cells of unequal size, both of them ______.
|
reduction division
haploid |
|
In the female, an oogonium produces _____ ovum, where as each male spermatocyte produces ____ spermatozoa.
|
1
4 |
|
The female oocyte is arrested in ______ of Meiosis I prior to puberty.
|
prophase I
|
|
Following puberty, each month an oocyte is allowed to continue to its second arrested phase, ________ of meiosis II, in preparation for ovulation.
|
metaphase II
|
|
an oocyte is arrested in _____ of meiosis II indefinitely, unless it is fertilized.
|
metaphase II
|
|
process of ovum (female gamete) formation
|
oogenesis
|
|
the diploid stem cell of the ovaries, multiply rapidly by mitosis & then enter the growth phase & lay in nutrient reserves
|
oogonia
|
|
oogonia is a _____ cell
|
diploid
|
|
primoridal follids begin to appear as the oogonia are transformed into ______, begin 1st meiotic division but become stalled late in prophase I
|
primary oocytes
|
|
primary oocytes are _____ cells
|
diploid
|
|
larger cell (than the 1st polar body) which contains nearly all the cytoplasm of the primary oocyte
|
secondary oocytes
|
|
secondary oocytes are _____ cells
|
haploid
|
|
smaller cell, may undergo meiosis II, producing 2 even smaller polar bodies
|
first polar body
|
|
first polar bodies are ____ cells
|
haploid
|
|
when the secondary oocyte is penetrated by sperm it quickly completes meiosis I yielding one large ovum & a tiny _____
|
second polar body
|
|
second polar bodies are _____ cells
|
haploid
|
|
female gamete, egg that has been fertilized
|
ovum
|
|
ovum cells are _____
|
haploid
|
|
interaction of dominant & recessive alleles; mating of parents genotypes
|
inheritance
|
|
ones genetic make up or genes
|
genotype
|
|
observable expressions of teh genotype
|
phenotype
|
|
the branch of biology that studies inheritance
|
genetics
|
|
How do we acquire characteristics from our parents & transmit characteristics to our children?
|
crossover, each parent provides 23 chromosomes
|
|
A gene is the unit of heredity on a chromosome (section of DNA) that codes for a specific trait. What would happen if that gene were removed?
|
Genes can not be removed. Alleles can
|
|
The strand that is synthesized continuosly following the movement of the replication fork.
|
Leading strand
|
|
The strand constructed in segments in the opposite direction & requires that a primer initiated replication of each segment.
|
Lagging strand
|
|
The diameter of the field of view on low power is about
|
2mm
|
|
The diameter of the field of view on high power is 1/4 of low so it is about
|
1/2mm
|
|
A ____ is a structure composed of two or more types of tissues that performs a specific function for the body. An _____ is a group of organs that act together to perform a body function.
|
organ
organ system |
|
the movement of large particles & macromolecules across a plasma membrane
|
vesicular transport
|
|
means by which fairly large extracellular molecules & particles enter cells; phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated
|
endocytosis
|
|
mechanism by which sustances are moved from the cell interior to the extracellular space as a secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane
|
exocytosis
|
|
Engulfing of extracellular fluids by cells
|
pinocytosis
|
|
Engulfing of foreign solids by ____ cells.
|
phagoctosis
phagocytic |
|
Example of secondary active transport
|
Na+ - K+
Na+ Glucose symport |
|
Example of primary active transport
|
sodium potassium pump
|
|
haploid is always ___
diploid is always ___ of the haploid |
n
2n |
|
Slide
interphase |
no dark purple
|
|
Slide
prophase |
clump or ball in middle
|
|
Slide
metaphase |
line in middle
|
|
Slide
anaphase |
2 pulled apart
|
|
Free floating ribosomes create ____ protein
|
simple
|
|
Ribosomes on the rough ER produce _____ protein
|
complex, transported outside the cell
|
|
What created specificity of proteins?
|
tRNA only attaching to matching amino acid
|