A & P Ii Urinary System

Front 1

d/ (40 fx of URINARY SYSTEM?

Back 1

1 - excretion
2 - regulation of H2O and electrolytes
3 - regulation of blood Ph
4 - regulation of BP

Front 2

How big are kidneys?

Back 2

4" long by 2-3" wide

Front 3

Name (3) layers/capsules of kidney?

Back 3

1 - renal capsule (attach to visceral lining of kidney
2 - adipose (fat layer for protection
3 0 renal fascia (hold kidney against posterior wall

Front 4

d/ PTOSIS?

Back 4

kidney come loose from wall, problem with renal fascia layer

Front 5

Fx of URETER?

Back 5

Carries urine to bladder

Front 6

Lenth of ureter?

Back 6

10-12"

Front 7

What kind of muscle tissue in ureter and what fx does it carry?

Back 7

Circulatory and long (as in stomach). Fx is peristalsis to move urine fr kidney

Front 8

Fx of BLADDER?
Bladder is a _______ muscular sac lined with 2 __________ epithelial cells (btwn squamous and epithelium).

Back 8

Hold urine, aid in micturation. Collapsible, transitional

Front 9

Fx of rugae in bladder

Back 9

allow for expansion

Front 10

d/ TRIGONE region of bladder

Back 10

Imaginary trangle shaped landmark btwn to ureter holes and urethra hole.

Front 11

How much does bladder hold normally and at what void is urge to void felt?

Back 11

700-800cc, 200cc

Front 12

Fx of URETHRA?

Back 12

singular muscular duct to outside of body

Front 13

d/ CORTEX region of kidney? What (3) things are housed here

Back 13

Outer portion of kidney. Has renal corpuscles, renal tubules, and blood vessels

Front 14

d/ RENAL CORPUSCLE (Bowmans Capsule)?

Back 14

consist of glomerulus and glomerular capsule

Front 15

d/ how blood gets filtered in GLOMERULUS?

Back 15

Blood is filtered b/c of high pressure, this is b/c insertion point is much larger than exit point of urine

Front 16

How would high BP stress the glomerulus?

Back 16

b/c pressure is normally high in glomerulus and cant afford any increase in pressure

Front 17

Everything is filtered from the glomerulus except for ___, ___, _______ b/c these molecules are too ____?

Back 17

RBC, WBC, and protein. Big

Front 18

If RBC, WBC, or protein are found in the urine this is _________ and means there is a problem with _________ ?

Back 18

abnormal, filtration

Front 19

The MEDULLA consist of what(5) parts?

Back 19

1 - Loop of Henle
2 - Collecting Tubules
3 - Blood Vessels
4 - Renal Pyramids
5 - Maj and Minor Calyces (calyx)

Front 20

Describe the pathway of the filtrate in the kidney? Also describe which region of kidney these are (cortex or medulla)?

Back 20

1 - Capsule (cortex)
2 - Proximal Convoluted Tubule (cortex)
3 - Loop of Henle Start in cortex, mostly in medulla)
4 - Distal convoluted tubule (cortex)
5 - Collecting Duct (medulla)
6 - Minor Calyx (little room)
7 - major calyx (big room)
8 - Renal pelvis -
9 - Ureter

Front 21

The Collecting Ducts (many grouped together) are also called _________ b/c of their resemblance?

Back 21

renal pyramid

Front 22

NEPHRON contain what (2) portions of kidney?

Back 22

Corpuscle and tubule

Front 23

how many nephrons are there in each kidney?

Back 23

1,000,000

Front 24

How much of our kidneys is it possible to live with?

Back 24

1/2 of 1 kidney

Front 25

_________ Nephrons connect to 1 collecting duct.

Back 25

Several

Front 26

The GLOMERULAR CAPSULE (Bowmans) consist of (2) layers?

Back 26

the parietal (cover inside, ) and the visceal layer (cover the glomerulus)

Front 27

What type of tissue on the parietal of the glomerular capsule?

Back 27

parietal is simple squamous and scalelike

Front 28

Glomerular capsule contain ______ ?

Back 28

Podocytes

Front 29

Fx of Podocytes?

Back 29

Wrap around the capillary to keep it from bursting (b/c of the incr pressure) and the water is filtered in btn the podococytes

Front 30

How will dehydration effect the endothelial pores?

Back 30

Fluid will be more viscous which wear down the endothelium and eventually will allow bigger stuff to come thru, similar to a broken screen.

Front 31

Blood enter the kidney thru the _______ ?

Back 31

Renal Artery

Front 32

d/ difference btwn AFFERENT ARTERIOLES and EFFERENT ARTERIOLES?

Back 32

Afferent take blood to the glomerulus and these are wider.

Efferent Take filtered blood from the glomerulus are narrower and have higher pressure.

Front 33

Fx of the PERITUBULAR CAPPILARIES?

Back 33

pulls back into blood the things we dont want to lose

Front 34

Endothelium of glomeruli allows all but but _____ ______ & ______ _______ to be filtered out?

Back 34

large proteins and formed elements

Front 35

What is normal glomerular pressure?

Back 35

65 mm/Hg

Front 36

What is normal capillary bed pressure?

Back 36

35 mm/Hg

Front 37

d/ EFP EFFECTIVE FILTRATION PRESSURE formula?

Back 37

EFP = glomerular hydrostatic pressure 60 - (capsular hydrostatic pressure 30 + blood osmotic pressure 20)

Front 38

d/ formed elements

Back 38

RBC, WBC, Plt

Front 39

Capsular Hydrostatic pressure and blod osmotic pressure are (In or Out) pressures

Back 39

Both in pressure

Front 40

d/ CAPSULAR HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE?

Back 40

Pressure against the capsular wall. As stuff collects in the capsule it gives a little pressure back

Front 41

d/ OSMOTIC PRESSURE?

Back 41

If one solution inside cell mebrane is hypertonic and solution outside cell membrane is hypotonic then it pulls water in by osmosis to attain isotonicity

Front 42

Any kind of small blockage IE kidney stone will cause the ______ ________ _________ to go up and affect the EVP

Back 42

capsular hydrostatic pressure

Front 43

If Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (BP) goes up will have ____ filtration if it goes ____ b/c of low BP you will have less fitration

Back 43

high, low

Front 44

d/ TUBULAR REABSORPTION in peritubular capillaries

IE

Back 44

good stuff gets pulled back out from filtrate and back into blood. Water and solutes must first be reabsorbed into tubule cells then into capillaries

Na, CL, glucose, water

Front 45

What (3) ways do peritubular capillaries selectivly absorb materials?

Back 45

1 - active transport
2 - osmosis
3 - diffusion

Front 46

d/ active transport and what particles get moved in back into blood from tubules.

Back 46

Mvmt from area of high to low concentration.
Glucose, AA, Na Cl, and Sm Proteins

Front 47

d/ OSMOSIS which takes stuff from filtrate into tubules

Back 47

diffusion of water which follows Na+ and Cl- (by active transport)

Front 48

d/ OBLIGATORY REABSORBTION and where does this occur and what %?

Back 48

80% of water that is reabsorbed in proximal tubules

Front 49

d/ FACULTATIVE REABSORBTION and where does this occur and what %?

Back 49

20% of water is reabsorbed in distal tubules

Front 50

How much water does kidney filter per day?

Back 50

45 gal/day

Front 51

How much fluid doe we lose per day?

Back 51

2 L/day

Front 52

What hormones (and what fluctuations) controls FACULTATIVE REABSORPTION?

Back 52

ADH (anti diuretic hormone) and Aldosterone. These hormones respond to fluctuating factors like IE amt of fluids taken in and temp outside etc.

Front 53

d/ ADH, where secreted from and fx in reabsorption

Back 53

Secreted by pituitary gland. increases water absorptions in the distal tubules. Responds to low fluid levels from not drinking enough

Front 54

d/ ALDOSTERONE, where it secreted from, and fx in reabsorption

Back 54

Secreted by Adrenal Cortex and helps to regulate BP

Front 55

d/ process of BP regulation by kidney?

Back 55

drop in BP thn sensed by kidney (

Front 56

Facultative reabsorbtion is controlled by what (2) hormones?

Back 56

ADH and aldosterone

Front 57

Fx of ADH? Where made?

Back 57

Anti Diuretic Hormone. Made by pituitary. increases water reabsorb in the distal tubules

Front 58

Fx of Aldosterone and BP regaulation mechanism? Where made?

Back 58

Secteted by Adrenal Cortex. Incr Na and water reabsorbtion

Front 59

Where are juxtaglomerular cells?

Back 59

Distal Tubules

Front 60

d/ FACULTATIVE REABSORBTION

Back 60

Drop in BP sensed by kidney (juxtaglomerular cells) THN JG cells sectrete Renin THN Renin stimul (1) Angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 (in lungs) THF strong vasoconstriction on incr BP (2cd) Renin stimulates release of Aldosterone (incr Na and Water reabsorbtion) and incr BP

Front 61

d/ TUBULAR SECRETION?

Back 61

Opposite of tubular reabsorbtion. When substances are secreted fr blood thru tubules to become urine

Front 62

What is given off in TUBULAR SECRETION?

Back 62

1 - drugs IE PCN

2 - Ions K, H, NH4 (ammonia)

Front 63

What is fx of giving off H+ ions in tubular reabsorbtion

Back 63

H ions are what makes body acid, so body throws out H to control blood pH.

Front 64

What % of urine is water and solutes

Back 64

95% water and 5% solutes

Front 65

d/ normal color of urine and where does the color come from?

Back 65

transparent amber color, from urochrome in bile

Front 66

d/ normal pH of urine?

Back 66

4.8 - 8.0

Front 67

d/ (6) normal contents of urine?

Back 67

1 - urea
2 - uric acid
3 - creatine
4 - electrolytes
5 - toxins
6 - hormones

Front 68

d/ (5) abnormal contents of urine?

Back 68

1 - glucose
2 - albumin
3 - pus
4 - blood
5 - stones

Front 69

d/ what UREA in urine is from and what % is found?

Back 69

60-90%, from the deammination of protein which produces ammonia thn urea

Front 70

d/ what URIC ACID in urine is?

Back 70

from the breakdown of nucleic acids

Front 71

d/ GOUT

Back 71

buildup of uric acid crystals accumulating in blood and eventually in the feet

Front 72

d/ CREATINE in urine

Back 72

from creatine produced in from muscular contractions

Front 73

What ELECTROLYTES are in urine?

Back 73

Na, K, CL, HCO3

Front 74

Glucose in urine would indic _____ ?

Back 74

diabetes

Front 75

Protein in urine could indic _____ ?

Back 75

Problem in kidney