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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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d/ METABOLISM?
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All chemical reactions in the body
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d/e CATABOLISM?
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d/ Destroys e/ Cellular respiration
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d/e ANABOLISM?
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d/ Synthesis or putting things together
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Should metabolism all be occuring at the same time?
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yes
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d/ METABOLIC RATE?
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Amt of heat(NRG)released in a given amt of time as a result of catabolism of glucose.
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d/ 1 calorie (c)?
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the amt of heat needed to increase temp 1 ml of H2O 1 centigrade
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d/ 1 Calorie (C)?
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kCal=1000 (little)calories or amount of heat needed to raise temp of 1 liter of H2O
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d/e DIRECT CALORIMETRY?
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d/ Way to see how much NRG is given off e/ measurement of either heat produced or heat transferred from an animal to the environment. This method is technically difficult and clinically impractical.
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Cellular respiration: Glucose + o2 yields what?
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Co2 + h2o + NRG
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d/ CALORIMETRY?
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Method of measuring energy expenditure or metabolic rate
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d/ INDIRECT CALORIMETRY?
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Caloric burn rate is calculated from a measurement of oxygen uptake
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What (5) things influences our METABOLIC RATE?
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1 Exercise - direct 2 Body Temp - direct 3 Eating - direct 4 Age - direct 5 Hormone Bal (thyroid) - direct 6 Gender men have higher metabolic rate than woman
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How long does exercise affect your metabolic rate?
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For the whole day
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What is BMR?
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Metabolic rate that is measured under very specific parameters
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What specific parameters are required when measuring BMR?
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Client must be: Awake
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Factors that influence BMR?
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Gender
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d/e Homeostasis of body temperature?
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constant body temperature
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d/e HOMEOTHERMIC?
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d/ Constant body tempurature(37'c) humans e/ birds (101'f)
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d/e POIKELOTHERMIC?
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d/ Variable body termpurature e/ Reptiles
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Homeostasis of body tempurature depends on what (2) processes?
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THERMOGENESIS and THERMOLYSIS
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d/ THERMOGENESIS? What it is a product of?
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Heat production. Catabolism of glucose (cell respiration)
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What % of thermogenesis (catabolism) come from muscles cells?
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80%
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What % of thermogenesis (catabolism) come from other processes?
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20%
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d/ THERMOLYSIS?
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heat loss
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What (5) ways do we lose heat (thermolysis)?
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1 Resp system 2 Digestion 3 Urinary 4 Skin
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What % of heat do we lose from the skin?
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80%
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What (4) ways do we lose heat?
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1 radiation 2 Evaporation 3 Conduction 4 Convection
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d/ RADIATION? What % is lost this way?
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transe of heat from one body to another w/o contact 60%
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d/ EVAPORATION? What % is lost this way?
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perspiration 22%
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d/ CONDUCTION? What % is lost this way?
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txfer of heat to cooler surfaces that you are touching 3%
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More humid the air is (less or more) evaporation is going to occur?
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Less
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d/ CONVECTION? What % is lost this way?
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when cooler air comes in contact with skin then rises while taking heat with it 16%
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Where is the THERMOSTATIC CONTROL CENTER in our body?
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Hypothalamus and the Pre-Optic Center
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How does HYPOTHALAMUS and PRE-OPTIC CENTER affect thermostatic control?
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In the hypothalamus there is the pre-optic center hich is sensative to blood tempurature changes
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How does pre-optic center of Hypothalamus fx and affect HEAT LOSING or HEAT GENERATING Center?
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depending on blood tempurature change
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What are (3) themostatic centers of Hypothalamus?
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1 Pre optice 2 Heat generating 3 Heat Losing
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What are (2) heat dissapating/losing methods dictated by the heat losing center of the hypothalamus?
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1 Sweat gland stimulation (to release more h2o to coll skin) 2 Dilate arteries & arterioles in skin.
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How is dilation of arterioles like a car radiator in cooling the blood?
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Like radiator in that it as capillarie dilate more blood is circulating at the surface of the skin
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What are (4) HEAT GENERATING methods of the dictated by the hypothalamus?
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1 inhibit sweat gland 2 Constrict vessels 3 Shiver 4 Hypothalamus
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How does SHIVERING produce heat?
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muscles contract to produce heat
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3 steps that cause Hypothalamus produce heat?
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1 hypothalamus secrete TRF (thyroid release factor) 2 thn PITUITARY or HYPOPHESIS secret TSH (thyroid stimulting hormone) 3 thn THYROID release T3 and t4 (which incr metabolism/cell respiration/catabolism/heat)
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What are skin thermoreceptors? Are these tied to internal temp control?
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Receptors in skin which tell you what external temp is? No
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What (2) populus have least efficient tempurature regulation?
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Infants and Elderly
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In Carbohydrate metabolism; 1 gm of Glucose = ______ Calories of NRG
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4
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What are the 3 monosacharides?
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Glucose
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All carbohydrates are converted to ______ in the ______.
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glucose
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What 3 proceses regarding Carbohydrate metabolism occur in the liver?
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Glycogenesis
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What is GLYCOGENESIS?
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Production of Glycogen which is the stored form of glucose
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What is GLYCONEOGENESIS?
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Produce glucose from fat or protein
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What is GLYCOGENOLYSIS?
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break down glycogen
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What are the (5) steps of cellular respiration?
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1 phosphorilation of glucose 2 glycolysis 3 conversion of pyruvic acid 4 Krebs cycle 5 Electron Transport
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What does the body use carbs for?
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For NRG to power cellular processes
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Excess glucose that cannot be stored as glycogen is converted to what?
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Fat
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The amount of potential NRG a food contains can be expressed as _____________?
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Calories
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How many calories are yeilded from cellular oxidation of a carbohydrate?
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4
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What is basal metabolic rate?
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the rate at whic the body expends NRG under resting conditions.
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The BMR indicates ___________________?
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the total amt of NRG expended in a given time period to support the activities of such organs as the heart
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What is RIBOFLAVIN (Vit B2) used for?
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Part of enzymes and coenzymes such as FAD
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What is NIACIN used for?
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Part of Coenzyme NAD and NADP needed for oxidation of glucose and synthesis of proteins
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Where does cellular respiration occur?
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Mitochondria
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d/ REDUCTION of an electron molecule?
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Gain of an electron and yeilds and increase in NRG
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d/ OXIDATION of an electron?
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Loss of an electron and yeilds a decrease in NRG
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What are the (5) steps of cellular respiration?
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1 Phosphorilation of Glucose 2 Glycolysis 3 - Conversion of Pyruvic Acid 4 - Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) 5 - Electron transport
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d/ step 1 of cellular respiration: PHOSPHORILATION of GLUCOSE?
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As glucose molecule enters cell wall of mitochondria. Addition of a phosphate molecule (PO4) to become glucose-6-phosphate
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d/ Step 2 of cellular respiration: GLYCOLYSIS
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Conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to 2 pyruvic acid molecules. It makes energy in the form of two net molecules of ATP. Four molecules of ATP per glucose are actually produced; however
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d/ step 3 of cellular respiration: Conversion of Pyruvic Acid
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When oxygen is present
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d/ step 4 of the cellular respiration cycle: Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) d/ the raw materials needed and the products.
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If acetyl-CoA is produced the molecule then enters the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) inside the mitochondrial matrix
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d/ step 5 of cellular respiration cycle: Electron Transport Cycle 1. Dummy Answer
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5 prs of H+ (from previous Krebs cycle) 2H + FAD(riboflavin) yeild FADH2 2H + NAD(niacin) yeild NADH2 then 2 electron - are pulled from Hydrogen and this is repeated 5x thf turning ADP + P = ATP thn 2 e- + 2 p yeild 2 H + O thf glucose + O2 yeild CO2 + H2O The correct answer is: None Of The Above
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What are (2) uses for fat?
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1 - Store as adipose tissue in liver and elswhere 2 - Source of NRG
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What is the purpose of fat as adipose tissue?
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1 - energy storage 2 - protection (fat around major organs) 3 - insulation (SQ fat helps keep in heat) 4 - lubication (reducr friction btwn muscle tendons)
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How many Cal are in 1gm of fat?
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1gm=9 Cal
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What is 1st and 2cd favorite NRG source?
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1st is Carbohydrates 2cd is fat
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