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37 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

2 types of glands

Exocrine


Endocrine

Exocrine functions

• Secrete products into ducts


• ex. Sweat, oil, mammary glands, pancreas

Endocrine gland functions

•Secrete product into extracellular fluid (ECF)


●Enters blood and transported to another area in the body


•Ex. Pituitary, thyroid, pancreas

Endocrine feedback loop (1-3)

1) Stimulus: change in homeostasis which triggers release of hormone



2)production site: Where hormone is made



3)Hormone: chemical substance secreted by cells into ECF that regulates metabolic functions in other cells

Endocrine feedback loop (4-6)

4) Target site: Tissue where the hormone exerts its action



5)Action: Reaction that hormone stimulates



6) Response: Return to homeostasis levels, usually opposite of stimulus

2 types of of hormones

Non-Steroidal


Steroidal

Non-steroidal hormone

= Amino-acid based(any peptide or protein hormone)


•Water soluble


•Most common

Steroidal hormone

=Lipid soluble hormones synthesized from cholesterol - includes sex hormones and adrenal cortex hormone



•Other lipid hormone = Thyroid hormones(T3/T4)

What is a receptor?

Binding site of hormone on target cell

Type of receptor depends on hormone type....

•Steroidal (Lipid soluble) located inside target cell (nucleus)



•Non-steroidal (water soluble) on plasma membrane of target cell

Most hormones removed from body by ____ or _____



Duration is limited (_________)

Kidney or liver



20 min - few hours

Hypothalamus function

Directs pituitary gland

Pituitary gland sections and secretions

Posterior pituitary = ADH, Oxytocin



Anterior pituitary = hGH, ACTH, TSH, Sex hormones

Thyroid gland produces

T3/T4; Calcitonin

Parathyroid gland produces

PTH

Adrenal gland areas and functions

Cortex = cortisol, aldosterone, androgens



Medulla = Epinephrine, norepinephrine

Pancreas produces....

Alpha cells = Glucagon


Beta cells = insulin

The hypothalamus has 3 links between the nervous and endocrine system:

1)Input from cerebral cortex, thalamus, limbic system, RAS initiate changes in hypothalamus



2)Controls autonomic nervous system (Body temp/thirst/hunger/ect)



3) Secretes hormones that regulates pituitary or have direct affect on target

Location of the pituitary gland

Sella turicica of sphenoid bone

Anatomy and functions of pituitary gland

Posterior (neurohypophysis)


• Neural tissue stores hormones made in hypothalamus (ADH, Oxytocin)



●Anterior (adenohypopysis)


•Epithelial tissue that produces several hormones


What stimulates ADH? Where is it made? What does it target? What does it do?

Stimulus: dehydration or low blood volume/pressure



Production site: Hypothalamus, stored & released by posterior pituitary gland



Target: kidney tubeless



Action/response: increase H2O reabsorption, increase blood volume/pressure



*Disorder = hyposecretion --> diabetes insipidus

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)


Stimulus/production site/target/action

Stimulus: low thyroid hormone levels (T3/T4)



Production site: Anterior pituitary



Target: follicular cells in thyroid gland



Action/response: triggers release of thyroid hormone (T3/T4)

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)


Stimulus/Production site/target/action

Stimulus: Hypothalamus triggers release from AP in response to decrease in cortisol levels; long term stress



Prod. Site: Anterior pituitary



Target: adrenal cortex



Action/response: triggers release of cortisol

HGH


stimulus/prod. site/target/action

Stimulus: decreased hGH levels



Prod. site: Anterior pituitary



Targets: liver, bones, skeletal muscles



Actions/response: Increased hGH - increases mitosis rate and protein synthesis, cellular repair; Increased blood glucose levels.


hGH disorders

Hypersecretion = Giantism (childhood onset) Acromegaly (adult onset)



Hyposecretion = pituitary dwarfism (childhood onset)

Thyroid gland produces 2 hormones

T3/T4 produced by follicular cells


Calcitonin produced by parafollicular cells

Thyroid Hormone (T3/T4)


Stimulus/targets/action

Stimulus: TSH release from anterior pituitary



Targets: all body cells



Action/response: Increase T3 T4 which increases ATP and BMR



Thyroid Hormone (T3/T4) disorders

Hyposecretion: Myxedema (adult onset), Cretinism (infants)



Hypersecretion: Grave's disease

Calcitonin


Stimulus/production site/target/action

Stimulus: High blood calcium levels


Prod.site: parafollicular thyroid cells


Target: osteoclasts in bone



Action:


•Inhibit osteoclast activity to decrease bone resorption


•Stimulates osteoblasts calcium upstake from blood to bone


•Decrease blood calcium levels

Where is the parathyroid located and what does it produce?

-posterior aspect of thyroid gland


-parathyroid hormone(PTH): Increase blood Ca2+ levels

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)


Stim/prod.site/target/action

Stim: low blood calcium levels


Prod site: parathyroid gland


Target: Osteoclasts in bone kidney and intestines



Action:


•releases Ca2+ & phosphate into blood


•stimulate kidneys: reabsorb more Ca2+ & activate vitamin D


•increased levels of calcitriol increases calcium absorption in intestines


•Increased blood calcium levels


The adrenal gland has 2 layers...

1)Cortex = Outer layer which produces steroids



2)Medulla = inner core of postganglionic sympathetic neurons which secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

Aldosterone


Stim/prod.site/target/action

Stim: Decreased blood volume, decrease BP


Prod.site: Adrenal cortex


Target: Kidney tubeless



Action:


•Increase Na+ reabsorption into blood (H20 also as a result)


•increases K+ secretion from blood into urine, decreased plasma K+ levels


•increase blood volume/pressure

Cortisol


Stim/prod.site/target/action

Stim: ACTH release from AP


Prod site: Adrenal cortex


Targets: Muscles, liver, adipose tissue



Action: Increase cortisol levels, increase ATP, inhibit basophils, depress immune system

Cortisol disorders

Hypersecretion: Cushing's disease


Hyposecretion: Addison's disease

Epinephrine/Norepinephrine


Stim/prod.site/target/action

Stim: Sympathetic nervous system - short term stress



Prod site: Adrenal Medulla



Target: heart, blood vessels, lungs, liver



Action: Increase heart rate, dilated bronchioles, vasoconstrict some blood vessels - dialate others, increase glucose levels

The pancreas had both exocrine and endocrine glands

Excocrine (most of gland) = acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes



Endocrine = Pancreatic islets secrete glucagon (alpha cells) and insulin (beta cells)