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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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2 types of glands |
Exocrine Endocrine |
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Exocrine functions |
• Secrete products into ducts • ex. Sweat, oil, mammary glands, pancreas |
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Endocrine gland functions |
•Secrete product into extracellular fluid (ECF) ●Enters blood and transported to another area in the body •Ex. Pituitary, thyroid, pancreas |
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Endocrine feedback loop (1-3) |
1) Stimulus: change in homeostasis which triggers release of hormone 2)production site: Where hormone is made 3)Hormone: chemical substance secreted by cells into ECF that regulates metabolic functions in other cells |
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Endocrine feedback loop (4-6) |
4) Target site: Tissue where the hormone exerts its action 5)Action: Reaction that hormone stimulates 6) Response: Return to homeostasis levels, usually opposite of stimulus |
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2 types of of hormones |
Non-Steroidal Steroidal |
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Non-steroidal hormone |
= Amino-acid based(any peptide or protein hormone) •Water soluble •Most common |
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Steroidal hormone |
=Lipid soluble hormones synthesized from cholesterol - includes sex hormones and adrenal cortex hormone
•Other lipid hormone = Thyroid hormones(T3/T4) |
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What is a receptor? |
Binding site of hormone on target cell |
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Type of receptor depends on hormone type.... |
•Steroidal (Lipid soluble) located inside target cell (nucleus) •Non-steroidal (water soluble) on plasma membrane of target cell |
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Most hormones removed from body by ____ or _____ Duration is limited (_________) |
Kidney or liver 20 min - few hours |
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Hypothalamus function |
Directs pituitary gland |
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Pituitary gland sections and secretions |
Posterior pituitary = ADH, Oxytocin
Anterior pituitary = hGH, ACTH, TSH, Sex hormones |
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Thyroid gland produces |
T3/T4; Calcitonin |
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Parathyroid gland produces |
PTH |
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Adrenal gland areas and functions |
Cortex = cortisol, aldosterone, androgens Medulla = Epinephrine, norepinephrine |
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Pancreas produces.... |
Alpha cells = Glucagon Beta cells = insulin |
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The hypothalamus has 3 links between the nervous and endocrine system: |
1)Input from cerebral cortex, thalamus, limbic system, RAS initiate changes in hypothalamus 2)Controls autonomic nervous system (Body temp/thirst/hunger/ect) 3) Secretes hormones that regulates pituitary or have direct affect on target |
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Location of the pituitary gland |
Sella turicica of sphenoid bone |
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Anatomy and functions of pituitary gland |
●Posterior (neurohypophysis) • Neural tissue stores hormones made in hypothalamus (ADH, Oxytocin)
●Anterior (adenohypopysis) •Epithelial tissue that produces several hormones
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What stimulates ADH? Where is it made? What does it target? What does it do? |
Stimulus: dehydration or low blood volume/pressure Production site: Hypothalamus, stored & released by posterior pituitary gland Target: kidney tubeless Action/response: increase H2O reabsorption, increase blood volume/pressure *Disorder = hyposecretion --> diabetes insipidus |
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Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Stimulus/production site/target/action |
Stimulus: low thyroid hormone levels (T3/T4)
Production site: Anterior pituitary
Target: follicular cells in thyroid gland
Action/response: triggers release of thyroid hormone (T3/T4) |
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Stimulus/Production site/target/action |
Stimulus: Hypothalamus triggers release from AP in response to decrease in cortisol levels; long term stress Prod. Site: Anterior pituitary Target: adrenal cortex Action/response: triggers release of cortisol |
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HGH stimulus/prod. site/target/action |
Stimulus: decreased hGH levels Prod. site: Anterior pituitary Targets: liver, bones, skeletal muscles Actions/response: Increased hGH - increases mitosis rate and protein synthesis, cellular repair; Increased blood glucose levels. |
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hGH disorders |
Hypersecretion = Giantism (childhood onset) Acromegaly (adult onset) Hyposecretion = pituitary dwarfism (childhood onset) |
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Thyroid gland produces 2 hormones |
T3/T4 produced by follicular cells Calcitonin produced by parafollicular cells |
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Thyroid Hormone (T3/T4) Stimulus/targets/action |
Stimulus: TSH release from anterior pituitary Targets: all body cells Action/response: Increase T3 T4 which increases ATP and BMR |
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Thyroid Hormone (T3/T4) disorders |
Hyposecretion: Myxedema (adult onset), Cretinism (infants) Hypersecretion: Grave's disease |
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Calcitonin Stimulus/production site/target/action |
Stimulus: High blood calcium levels Prod.site: parafollicular thyroid cells Target: osteoclasts in bone Action: •Inhibit osteoclast activity to decrease bone resorption •Stimulates osteoblasts calcium upstake from blood to bone •Decrease blood calcium levels |
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Where is the parathyroid located and what does it produce? |
-posterior aspect of thyroid gland -parathyroid hormone(PTH): Increase blood Ca2+ levels |
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Stim/prod.site/target/action |
Stim: low blood calcium levels Prod site: parathyroid gland Target: Osteoclasts in bone kidney and intestines
Action: •releases Ca2+ & phosphate into blood •stimulate kidneys: reabsorb more Ca2+ & activate vitamin D •increased levels of calcitriol increases calcium absorption in intestines •Increased blood calcium levels
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The adrenal gland has 2 layers... |
1)Cortex = Outer layer which produces steroids 2)Medulla = inner core of postganglionic sympathetic neurons which secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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Aldosterone Stim/prod.site/target/action |
Stim: Decreased blood volume, decrease BP Prod.site: Adrenal cortex Target: Kidney tubeless Action: •Increase Na+ reabsorption into blood (H20 also as a result) •increases K+ secretion from blood into urine, decreased plasma K+ levels •increase blood volume/pressure |
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Cortisol Stim/prod.site/target/action |
Stim: ACTH release from AP Prod site: Adrenal cortex Targets: Muscles, liver, adipose tissue Action: Increase cortisol levels, increase ATP, inhibit basophils, depress immune system |
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Cortisol disorders |
Hypersecretion: Cushing's disease Hyposecretion: Addison's disease |
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Epinephrine/Norepinephrine Stim/prod.site/target/action |
Stim: Sympathetic nervous system - short term stress Prod site: Adrenal Medulla Target: heart, blood vessels, lungs, liver Action: Increase heart rate, dilated bronchioles, vasoconstrict some blood vessels - dialate others, increase glucose levels |
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The pancreas had both exocrine and endocrine glands |
Excocrine (most of gland) = acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes
Endocrine = Pancreatic islets secrete glucagon (alpha cells) and insulin (beta cells) |
