A & P Ii Ch 15

Front 1

The Heart pumps blood through ____ Circuits in series.

Back 1

- 2

Front 2

Pulmanary Circuit

Back 2

- Right side
- To and from lungs

Front 3

Systemic Circuit

Back 3

- Left side
- To and from the body

Front 4

3 Type of blood vessels

Back 4

- Arteries
- Veins
- Capillaries

Front 5

Arteries

Back 5

- Carry blood away from the heart and to the capillaries

Front 6

Capillaries

Back 6

- Microscopic vessels where exchange between blood and cells occurs

Front 7

Veins

Back 7

- Recieve blood from the capillaries and carry it toward the heart.

Front 8

Right Atrium

Back 8

- Recieves ssytemic blood

Front 9

Right Ventricle

Back 9

- Pumps blood to the lungs (pulmanary)

Front 10

Left Atrium

Back 10

- Recieves blood from the lungs

Front 11

Left Ventricle

Back 11

- Pumps blood to organs (Systemic)

Front 12

Mediastinum

Back 12

- Heart located here
- Space between two pleural cavities

Front 13

Apex of the heart

Back 13

- Pointed tip of the heart
- Points down and to the left

Front 14

Pericardial Sac

Back 14

- surrounds the heart

Front 15

Pericardial Cavity

Back 15

- Lined by pericardium

Front 16

Visceral Pericardium (epicardium)

Back 16

- Covers the heart surface
- Inner wall of the pericardium

Front 17

Parietal Pericardium

Back 17

- Lines the pericardial sac that surrounds the heart
- Outer wall of the pericardial sac

Front 18

Pericardial cavity

Back 18

- Space between the layers of the pericardial sac
- Small amount of lubricating fluid located here

Front 19

Coronary Sulcus

Back 19

- Deep groove that marks boundary of atria and ventricles

Front 20

Anterior and Posterior interventricular sulci

Back 20

- Mark boundary between left and right ventricles

Front 21

The Heart pumps blood through ____ Circuits in series.

Back 21

- 2

Front 22

Pulmanary Circuit

Back 22

- Right side
- To and from lungs

Front 23

Systemic Circuit

Back 23

- Left side
- To and from the body

Front 24

3 Type of blood vessels

Back 24

- Arteries
- Veins
- Capillaries

Front 25

Arteries

Back 25

- Carry blood away from the heart and to the capillaries

Front 26

Capillaries

Back 26

- Microscopic vessels where exchange between blood and cells occurs

Front 27

Veins

Back 27

- Recieve blood from the capillaries and carry it toward the heart.

Front 28

Right Atrium

Back 28

- Recieves ssytemic blood

Front 29

Right Ventricle

Back 29

- Pumps blood to the lungs (pulmanary)

Front 30

Left Atrium

Back 30

- Recieves blood from the lungs

Front 31

Great Veins and arteries are located at _____?

Back 31

- The base of the heart.

Front 32

Apex

Back 32

- Pointed tip of the heart
- Points down and to the left

Front 33

The heart is surrounded by

Back 33

- The pericardial sac

Front 34

Mediastinum

Back 34

- Heart located here
- Space between two pleural cavities

Front 35

Pericardial Cavity is lined by

Back 35

- the Pericardium

Front 36

Visceral Pericardium (epicardium)

Back 36

- Covers the hearts surface
- Inner wall of the pericardium

Front 37

Parietal Pericardium

Back 37

- Lines the pericardial sac that surrounds the heart
- Outer wall of the pericardium

Front 38

Paricardial Cavity

Back 38

- Space between layers of the pericardial sac
- Small amount of lubricating fluid located here

Front 39

Coronary Sulcus

Back 39

- Deep groove that marks the boundary of atria and ventricles

Front 40

Anterior and posterior interventricular sulci

Back 40

- Mark boundary between left and right ventricles
- Contain major coronary vessels
- Filled with protective fat

Front 41

Heart Wall Layers

Back 41

- Epicardium
-Myocardium
- Endocardium

Front 42

Epicardium

Back 42

- AKA visceral pericardium
- Outermost layer
- Serous membrane

Front 43

Myocardium

Back 43

- Middle Layer
- Thick muscle layer
- Most important layer
- This muscle dies during heart attack

Front 44

Endocardium

Back 44

- Forms the heart valves
- Simple squamous lining of chambers
- Continuous with endothelium - Blood vessels
- Blood will not clot on the endocardium

Front 45

Characteristics of Cardiac Muscle Cells

Back 45

- Connected by intercalated discs
- Contain Mitochondria
- Have Myofibrils
- Nucleus
- Sectioned
- Shorter than skeletal muscle fibers
- Striations (Sarcomere organization)
- Depend on aerobic metabolism
- Heart acts as a single unit

Front 46

Funct. of Intercalated Discs

Back 46

- Serve as gap junctions that rapidly transmit action potential

Front 47

Interatrial Septum

Back 47

- Separates the right and left atria

Front 48

Interventricular Septum

Back 48

- Separates the right and left ventricles

Front 49

Two types of Atrioventricular valves

Back 49

- Bicuspid (aka Mitral Valve)
- Tricuspid Valve

Front 50

Bicuspid Valve

Back 50

- Aka: Mitral Valve
- Located between the left atrium and left ventricle
- Allows blood to flow from the atrium to the ventricle
- Closes when ventricles contract to prevent back flow of blood from ventricle to atrium

Front 51

Tricuspid Valve

Back 51

- Located between the right atrium and right ventricle
- Opens to allow blood to flow from atrium to ventricle when atrium contacts
- Closes when ventricle contracts to prevent back flow of blood from ventricle to atrium

Front 52

Path of blood flow

Back 52

RA >Tricuspid Valve > RV > Pulm Valve > Pulm. Artery > Lungs > Pulm. Vein > LA > Bicuspid Valve > LV > Aortic Valve > Aorta > Arteries > Arterioles > Capillaries > Veinules > Veins > Venae cavae > RA

Front 53

Superior and Inferior Venae Cavae

Back 53

- Carry deoxygenated systemic blood (blood from the body) to the Right Atrium of the heart

Front 54

Chordae Tendinae

Back 54

- Anchor the valve cusps to papillary muscles which open and close the valves

Front 55

Blood pressure in the arteries is _____ compared to veins because _____?

Back 55

- Higher; because veins have thinner walls and larger lumen then arteries

Front 56

Left ventricular myocardium is ______ in comparison to right ventricular myocardium.

Back 56

- Thicker

Front 57

Two pairs of one- way valves prevent ________ of blood during contraction.

Back 57

- Backflow of blood

Front 58

Heart sound S1 is caused by?

Back 58

- The closing of the atrioventricular valves

Front 59

Heart sound S2 is caused by?

Back 59

- The closing of the pulmanary and aortic valves

Front 60

Heart murmurs are caused by?

Back 60

- Abnormal valves
* too loose or tight

Front 61

Stenotic Heart murmurs are caused by______?

Back 61

- Heart Valves that are too tight.

Front 62

______ Heart murmurs are caused by valves that are too loose.

Back 62

- Incompetent

Front 63

Heart murmurs are can be heard because they cause ______ blood flow.

Back 63

- Turbulent

Front 64

Atrioventricular Valves

Back 64

- Aka (AV) Valves
- Located between atria and ventricles
- Blood pressure closes valave cusps during ventricular contraction
- Papillary muscles tense chordae tendinaea to prevent valves from swinging into the atria

Front 65

Semilunar Valves

Back 65

- Prevent backflow of blood from the pulmanary trunk and aorta into the ventricles
- Have no muscular support

Front 66

Two type of Semilunar valves

Back 66

- Pulmanary Valve
- Aortic valve

Front 67

_____ supplies the heart with blood?

Back 67

- Coronary Arteries

Front 68

Coronary Arteries originate from _________?

Back 68

- The base of the aorta

Front 69

Most blood supply to the heart occurs between ______ during _____phase?

Back 69

- Ventricular contraction; Relaxation

Front 70

Blood from the coronary circulation empties into ______ through the _______?

Back 70

- Right Ventricle; coronary sinus

Front 71

About _____% of people are left Coronary Dominant?

Back 71

- 10%

Front 72

Two types of Cardiac Cells

Back 72

- Contractile Cells
- Conduction Cells

Front 73

Heartbeat requires ______?

Back 73

- Two types of Cardiac Cells

Front 74

Func. Contractile Cells

Back 74

- Responsible for pumping action of the heart

Front 75

Func. of Conduction Cells

Back 75

- Generate and spread stimulus (action potential)

Front 76

The heart contracts in series; first the ______ contract then the ______ contract.

Back 76

- Atria; ventricles

Front 77

______ is responsible for setting the pace of the heartbeats?

Back 77

- Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)

Front 78

______ is considered to be the speed bump in the heart beat?

Back 78

- Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)

Front 79

Differences in cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle contraction.

Back 79

- Cardiac action potential has a long plataeu phase.
- Cardiac muscle has a long refractory period and can not be tetanized.

Front 80

Func. of The conduction system of the heart.

Back 80

- Initiates and spreads electrical impulses through the heart

Front 81

Two types of cells in the conduction sysytem of the heart

Back 81

- Pacemaker cells
- Conducting cells

Front 82

Func. of Pacemaker cells

Back 82

- Set the heart rate
* automaticity
* Normal Pacemaker is SA node (Fastest car theory)

Front 83

Function of Conducting cells

Back 83

- Distributes stimuli to myocardium

Front 84

Path of the conduction system.

Back 84

- SA node > across atria > AV node > Bundle of His > Right and Left Branch Bundles > Purkinje fibers to the ventricles

Front 85

SA Node generates ___ to ___ action potentials per minute.

Back 85

- 70 to 80

Front 86

AV Node generates ___ to ___ action potentials per minute.

Back 86

- 40 to 60

Front 87

Purkinje fibers generate ___ to ___ action potentials per minute.

Back 87

- 20 to 40

Front 88

The _____ pacemaker paces the heart.

Back 88

- Fastest.

Front 89

Bradycardia

Back 89

- Abnormally slow heart rate
(below 60 beats/min)

Front 90

Tachycardia

Back 90

- Abnormally high heart rate
(above 100 beats per/min)

Front 91

Ectopic Pacemaker

Back 91

- Abnormal cells generate high rate of action potentials bypassing the conduction system and disrupts ventricular contractions.

Front 92

Electrocardiogram

Back 92

- Aka (ECG or EKG)
- Recording of the electrical activity of the heart

Front 93

Three main components of EKG.

Back 93

- P-wave
- QRS complex
- T-wave

Front 94

P-Wave represents?

Back 94

- Atrial depolarization

Front 95

QRS Complex represents?

Back 95

- Ventricular depolarization

Front 96

T-Wave represents?

Back 96

- Ventricular Repolarization

Front 97

Atrial Repolarization gets lost in which component of the EKG?

Back 97

- QRS complex

Front 98

Systole

Back 98

- Contraction phase

Front 99

Diastole

Back 99

- Relaxation phase

Front 100

Blood pressure in any chamber rises during _____ and falls during ______?

Back 100

- Systole; diastole

Front 101

Blood flows from _______ pressure to _______ pressure.

Back 101

- high; low

Front 102

Blood flow is controlled by____?

Back 102

- Timing of contractions

Front 103

Blood flow is directed by ____?

Back 103

-One-way valves

Front 104

Start and stop of Systole phase is marked by?

Back 104

- Closing of the aortic and pulmanary valves

Front 105

Stroke Volume

Back 105

- The amount of blood pumped by the ventricle per beat

Front 106

Cardiac Output

Back 106

- The amount of blood pumped by the ventricle per minute

Front 107

3 Determinants of Stroke Volume

Back 107

- Preload
- Afterload
- Contractility

Front 108

Preload

Back 108

- Most important
- In general more venous blood return the more forceful the Contraction
- Frank-Starling Principle

Front 109

Afterload

Back 109

- Inverse relation to Stroke Volume
- Smaller diameter vessels higher the resistance

Front 110

Contractility

Back 110

- Force of contraction

Front 111

Factors controlling Cardiac Output

Back 111

- Blood volume
- Autonomic innervation
- Hormones
- Persons Health

Front 112

A healthy person can increase cardiac output by _____?

Back 112

- three to five-fold

Front 113

Autonomic innervation effects?

Back 113

- Heart rate and Stroke volume

Front 114

Blood volume Reflexes

Back 114

- Stimulated by changes in venous return
- Atrial Reflex ( Bainbridge Reflex)
* Speeds heart rate by stretching the right atrium
- Frank-Starling priciple
* Increases stroke volume by streching the ventricles

Front 115

CNS control is where?

Back 115

- Medulla Oblongata

Front 116

Medulla Oblongata

Back 116

- Cardioaccelatory center
- Cardioinhibitory center
- Other inputs

Front 117

Cardioacceleratory center

Back 117

- Activation of sympathetic neurons

Front 118

Cardioinhibitory Center

Back 118

- Governing of parasympathetic neurons

Front 119

Other functions of medulla oblongata.

Back 119

- Blood pressure sensors
- Oxygen, carbon dioxide sensors