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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Anatomy:
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Study of structure
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Physiology:
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Study of function
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Levels in Organization:
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1st- Chemical- everything the body does; chemical reactions
2nd- Cellular- chemistry of life occurs inside the cells 3rd- Tissue- a group of like cells all working together to increase efficiency 4th- Organ- 2 or more different tissues (with different functions) within the same structure working together 5th- Organ System- more than one organ working together 6th- Organism- top level where all different levels come together |
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Homeostasis:
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The balacnce btw the different parts of body
--uses a feedback system in order to maintain this balance between the many different parts Health- absense of disease Disease- absense of health |
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Feedback System:
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Preprogrammed response to a certain condition, which automatically reacts in a predetermined way
--system contains: *Receptor- ssenses when certain condition occurs *Control center- will receive and read signal from receptor and send a proper response *Effector- will receive signal from control center and either turn off or on function Positive Feedback- speeds up/turns on Negative Feedback- slows down/turn off |
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Anatomical Position-
6 key terms: B. E. F. A. P. T.- BE A Friendly Tax Payer |
Provides a precise and standard point of reference for descriptions and dissections
--Body erect --Eyes forward --Feet together --Arms at sides --Palms up --Thumbs point away from body |
6 key terms:
B. E. F. A. P. T. BE A Friendly Tax Payer |
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Anatomical Planes-
S. F. T. |
Three anatomical planes: Sagittal, Frontal, and Transverse
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S. F. T.
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Sagittal Plane-
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Divides into right and left portions
--Mid-sagittal (median)- divides into equal rt/lt halves --Commonly used to illustrate head and pelvic organs |
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Frontal Plane-
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Divides that body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
--Coronal plane --Commonly used to illustrate thoracic and abdominal cavities |
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Transverse Plane-
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Divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions
--Horizontal planes --CT scans are typically transverse sections |
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Anterior/Posterior-
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Anterior- toward the front or belly
Posterior- toward the back or spine |
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Superior/Inferior-
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Superior- toward the top of the body
Inferior- toward the bottom of the body **only used on head, neck and truck, NOT on arms or legs** |
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Medial/Lateral-
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Medial- Close to mid-sagittal line
Lateral- further from the mid-sagittal line **with arms and legs, draw imaginary line down the center as a reference, going through 3rd finger of hand, or 2nd toe on foot** |
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Proximal/Distal-
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Proximal- closer to the point of attachment or origin
Distal- farther from the point of attachment or origin ** used primarily on the extremeities, arms and legs** |
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Superficial/Deep-
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Superficial- closer to the body surface
Deep- farther from the body surface |
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Supine/Prone-
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Supine- laying face up
Prone- laying face down |
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Surface Anatomy-
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The use of landmarks on the surface of the body and relating it to the organs under the surface
--Can be used to diagnose pain, for physical examination, and other clinical procedures, such as surgery |
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Abdomen Quadrant System-
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Used to describe the site of an abdominal pain or abnormality
--Two perpendicular lines through the navel, dividing abdominopelvic cavity into 4 quadrants --Form of surface anatomy |
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Abdomen Region System-
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Used to describe the site of an abdominal pain or abnormality
--4 lines that intersect like a tic-tac-toe grid (from clavicle to pelvis) --Each vertical line- Midclavicular lines- go thru midpoint of clavicle --Superior line (top)- Subcostal line- connects inferior borders of lowest costal cartilages (connect 10th rib on each side of sternum) --Inferior (bottom) horizontal line- Intertubercular line- passes left/right between tubercles of pelvis |
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Lateral Regions/Abdomen Region system-
H. L. I. |
Top to bottom:
Hypochondriac Lateral (lumbar) Inguinal (iliac) |
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H. L. I. |
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Medial Regions/Abdomen Region system-
E. U. H. |
Top to bottom:
Epigastric Umbilical Hypogastric |
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E. U. H. |
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Dorsal Body Cavity-
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Broken down into:
--Cranial cavity- inside the cranium; houses the brain --Vertebral canal- inside the vertebral column; house the spinal cord --Lined with 3 layers of meninges (meh-NIN-jeez), which protect the nervous tissues from the bone housing it |
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Ventral Body Cavity-
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Produced by the coelom during embryonic development
--Divided by the diaphragm into Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavities --Lined with thin layers of serous membranes, which secrete lubricating film |
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Chemistry of Life:
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All chemical reactions that the body does
The chemical reactions of life carried out within the cells Based on C molecules |
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Chemistry:
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Study of the behavior of matter
Matter- anything that takes up space and has mass Atom- smallest whole piece of matter --group of one type of atom- element |
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Atomic Structure:
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Made up of Protons, Neutrons, Electrons
Protons (P) & Neutrons (N)- in the center of the atom (nucleus); contain most of the mass; P- positive charge N- neutral charge Electrons (e-)- negative charge; orbit around the nucleus in all planes or 360 degrees; e- exists in very specific orbits 1st shell- 2e- 2nd shell- 8e- |
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Atomic Number:
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Number of Protons (P) in a specific atom
Gives the atom its characteristics Each element has a set atomic no., which can not be changed by chemical means Atomic No.= # of e- or ~# of N |
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Chemical Bonds:
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Atoms engage in chemical bonds to produce full outer shells (Ionic or Convalent)
2 or more elements transfer or share e- Resulting molecule or compound has new or different characteristics |
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Ionic Bonds:
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Transfer of one or more e- btw atoms.
Results in 2 or more charged atoms (ions), causing them to adhere to each other because of opp charges |
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Covalent Bonds:
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When 2 or more atoms sahre a pair of e-
This can cause Nonpolar Covalent Bonds (equal sharing) and Polar Covalent Bonds (unequal sharing) *more stable, requires more energy to make or break bond |
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Hydrogen Bonds:
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When a charged Hydrogen (polar covalent) atom comes close to either a charged Oxygen or Nitrogren atom
Two atoms will be attracted to each due to opp charges *not a true chem bond, hold DNA strands together, also holds proteins together |
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Activiation Energy:
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The energy needed to allow atoms to undergo a chemical bonds (i.e. enzymes)
Works with enzymes to allow or limit chemical rxns Enzymes- lower the needed activation energy |
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pH:
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The measurement of a solution, how acidic/basic a solution is
With the presence of acid ions (H+) or Basic ions (OH-) 0-6.9: acidic 7: neutral 7.1-14: basic Buffer systems help prevent changes in a solutions pH |
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Ionic Bonds:
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Transfer of one or more e- btw atoms.
Results in 2 or more charged atoms (ions), causing them to adhere to each other because of opp charges |
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Covalent Bonds:
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When 2 or more atoms sahre a pair of e-
This can cause Nonpolar Covalent Bonds (equal sharing) and Polar Covalent Bonds (unequal sharing) *more stable, requires more energy to make or break bond |
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Hydrogen Bonds:
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When a charged Hydrogen (polar covalent) atom comes close to either a charged Oxygen or Nitrogren atom
Two atoms will be attracted to each due to opp charges *not a true chem bond, hold DNA strands together, also holds proteins together |
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Activiation Energy:
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The energy needed to allow atoms to undergo a chemical bonds (i.e. enzymes)
Works with enzymes to allow or limit chemical rxns Enzymes- lower the needed activation energy |
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pH:
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The measurement of a solution, how acidic/basic a solution is
With the presence of acid ions (H+) or Basic ions (OH-) 0-6.9: acidic 7: neutral 7.1-14: basic Buffer systems help prevent changes in a solutions pH |
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Organic Molecules:
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All based in Carbon (C)
Chains of C's, bonded by covalent bonds (sharing) C- atomic no.- 6 Can build large branched chains- very unique to C --nature takes small monomers (small C chains) and links them together to make large/long chains |
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Carbohydrates (Carbs):
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Universal energy molecule, *primary fuel/energy molecule* (burned to get energy)
Gotten from diet- plants Contains C, H, and O in 1:2:1 ratio Monosaccharide- single sugar unit- glucose, fructose Disaccharide- double sugar unit- sucrose (table sugar), maltose, lactose Polysaccharide- many sugar units- starch (plant), Glycogen (store in liver & in muscles of animals) |
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Lipids:
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Fats or oils
Used for cell membrane structure and energy (secondary source) Many functions- hormones, cell membrane, have negative (toxic) effect Contains C, H, and O in NO set ratio |
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Triglycerides:
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Glycerol with 3 fatty acid chains
Mostly for making up cell membranes and energy storage Cholesterol- used for lipid hormones and bile salts --gives lipids function (hormones) |
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Proteins:
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Basic building blocks of proteins, bonded together
-- has a 3D shape 23 essential amino acids (get from food, used to make proteins) Have C, H, O and N within protein, some contain S Used for- body structure, function (hormones & enzymes), and energy (alternative fuel), anitbodies, mysin and actin, and fibrin for blood clotting --plays a part in structure and strength (collagen) |
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3D Structure of Proteins:
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Primary- straight chain (i.e. string of pearls) Locks the amino acids in place
Secondary- alpha- helix or beta- pleated sheet --90% helix, 10% pleated sheet (allows the R groups to be pushed together) Tertiary- R groups twisted together (R groups interaction gives uniquie 3D shape) Quarternary- 2 or more protein chains bonded together |
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Nucleic Acids:
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DNA (double helix) & RNA (single helix)
Contains C, H, O-n & P in NO ratio Contains alternating 5 C sugars and phophate groups w/ nitrogenous bases Bases- Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C) (and Uracil (U), which replaces T in RNA) A3T- 3 bonds G2C- 2 bonds |
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Adenosine Triphophate (ATP):
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Cellular energy molecule, allows cell to do work
Contains high energy covalent bond btw 2nd and 3rd phophate group Created within each cell, made from organic fuels |
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The Cell:
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Smallest living structure in body
Where the chemistry of life occurs Each cell has 2 jobs- to do what it must to live, and to do a job for the body Found in all complex animals and plants (eukaryotic); also come as simple cells, like bacteria (prokaryotic) |
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Cell Membrane:
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Outer limiting structure of the cell; container in which chemistry of life occurs
Must stay intact for the cell to survive |
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Cell Membrane Structure:
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Double layer of phospholipids with a number of proteins floating in it
Phopholipid layer provides the structure of the membrane, and floating proteins provide the special physiological functions Provides special functions- Channel protein- for facilitated diffusion; Transports (active transport); Receptor sites- (chemical switches that operate cell); Cell-identity markers- used by immune system to ID self; Linkers- used to hold the cell membrane to nearby cells |
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Cell Transport:
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2 Forms-
Passive Transport- move across membrane without energy --Diffusion- move from high concentration to low --Osmosis- PULLING water across membrane --Filtration- PUSHING water across membrane --Facilitated Diffusion- diffusion using special express channels Active Transport- moving chemical with the use of energy --ion pumps- special proteins used to move certain ions --Secondary Active Transport- used to move special chemicals --Vesicular Transport- bulk transport across membrane in a vesicle --*Exocytosis- moving out of cell --*Endocytosis- moving into cell *--*Phagocytosis- bring solids into cell *--*Pinocytosis- bring liquids into cell |
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Cell Organelle:
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A number of physiologically active and important structures floating within the Cytosol, Each has a different function and use to the cell
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Mitochondria:
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"little powerhouse",
Provides most of cells ATP, Double membrane structure, inside membrane makes folds- Cristea, Has own DNA/RNA, and has enzymes (convert 2C sugar into ATP) and ribosomes embedded in it, can self-replicate, 2 pathway- Citric Acid Cycle (small amount of ATP) and Electron Transport Chain (most ATP), *is believed to have been own cell at one time* |
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Ribosome:
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Produce Proteins, May be free floating in cytosol, or may be attached to Rough ER, not membrane-bound, made up of proteins and RNA, 2 structures that fit together, strings mDNA thru 2 structures
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
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Internal membrane transport system, transports throughout cell 2 forms- Rough ER- contains ribosomes, used to make proteins, seen in gland cells Smooth ER- does not have ribosomes, used to make lipids
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Golgi Body:
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Folded tube system, used to do quality control and package the proteins from the Rough ER, Found near the nucleus, uses vesicles to transport from Rough ER to Golgi and from Golgi out of cell
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Cilia:
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Small, hair-like structure, beats in one direction, Found on the surface of some cells, in large numbers, used to move liquids across the outside surface
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Flagella:
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Single, long whip-like structure, on the surface of sperm, used for motion (movement)
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Cytoskeleton:
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A network of protein fibers that provides:
strength to membrane, shape to cell, movement to cell, movement to internal parts of cell, Made up of proteins fibers: Microfilaments- small, Intermediate filaments- medium, Microtubules- wide and large |
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Centrosome:
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Used to move the cell's chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis, located near the nucleus
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Lysosome/Perioxisomes:
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Enzyme filled vesicle, used to digest a wide variety of organic molecules, used in Autolysis of dead organelles
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Nucleus and Nuclear Membrane:
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Double membrane, made from ER, Has a lot of nuclear pores, allowing DNA to communicate with outside, and allowing RNA and other proteins to come and go (lets RNA out, but keeps DNA in), Houses Nucleolus- where RNA is concentrated, Nuclear Envelope surrounds nucleus
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Protein Synthesis:
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Process of creating proteins from DNA, 2 steps- In nucleus- DNA coded for mRNA- TRANSCRIPTION Outside nucleus- mRNA meets with ribosome to make proteins- TRANSLATION
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