A & P I Chap 2

Front 1

Element-

Back 1

The simplest form of matter to have unique characteristics
--Identified by Atomic Number- number of protons
--91 naturally occuring elements on earth, 24 play role in humans

Front 2

Atomic Structure-

Back 2

Within the nucleus, at protons (+) and neutrons (0), which give the atom its atomic number (p+) and atomic mass (p+ + N)
--orbiting around nucleus, in clouds, are electrons (e-)
--e- determine the chemical properties of atoms, determining what molecules can exist
--Atoms are electrically neutral, because e- = p+

Front 3

Electrons-

Back 3

Negative charge
--Orbit outside the nucleus, in e- shells
--The more energy, the further from the Nucleus
--1st orbit- 2 e-
--2nd orbit- 8 e-
--e- in outermost shell, valence electrons, which determine the chemical bonding properties of atoms
--Atoms tend to bond with other atoms that will fill its outer shell and make it more stable

Front 4

Isotopes-

Back 4

Elements that different from each other only in number of neutrons and atomic mass

Front 5

Radioisotopes-

Back 5

Unstable isotopes that decay (break down) to become more stable, by giving off radiation
--This process is radioactivity
--Every element has at least one radioisotope

Front 6

Ions-

Back 6

Charged particles with unequal numbers of protons and electrons
--Elements with 1-3 valence e-, give them away; with 4-7 electrons, gain more e-
--Ionization- the transfer of e-, making both elements into ions

Front 7

Anion-

Back 7

Gain electrons and acquires a negative charge

Front 8

Cation-

Back 8

Loses electrons and acquires a positive charge

Front 9

Molecules-

Back 9

Chemical particles composed of two or more atoms united by a covalent chemical bond
--May be identical or different elements
--Molecules made of 2 or more different elements- Compounds

Front 10

Chemical Bonds-

Back 10

Molecules are held together or at attracted to each other by these
--There are 3 most common chemical bonds

Front 11

3 typical chemical bonds-



I. C. H.

Back 11

Ionic Bonds
Covalent Bonds
Hydrogren Bonds

Front 12

Ionic Bond-

Back 12

The attraction of a positively-charged ion (cation) and an negatively-charged ion (anion)
--Relatively weak attraction
--can be disrupted in water, and in the presence of something more attractive

Front 13

Covalent Bond-

Back 13

The sharing of a pair of electrons between 2 or more elements
--Each element donates one e-, electrons swarms around both elements
--Single Covalent Bond- the sharing of one pair of electrons
--Double Covalent Bond- the sharing of 2 pairs of electrons

Front 14

Nonpolar/Polar Convalent Bonds-

Back 14

Non-polar Covalent Bonds- when the shared electrons spend a equal amount of time around each element.

Polar Covalent Bonds- when shared electrons spend more time around one element than the other
--This causes the elements to have a slight charge

Front 15

Hydrogen Bond-

Back 15

A weak attraction force
--Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a slightly negative oxygen of nitrogen atom in another
--Can also form between different regions within the same molecule
--Can cause the molecule to fold or coil, making 3D shapes

Front 16

Acid-

Back 16

Proton donor
--Releases H
--pH below 7 (acidic)

Front 17

Base-

Back 17

Proton acceptor
--Releases OH
--pH- above 7 (alkaline)

Front 18

pH-

Back 18

Acidity is expressed in terms of pH
--A way of measuring molarity of H
--pH of 7= neutral
--Changes in pH can disrupt physiological functions and alter drug actions
--Also has an effect on how enzymes work

Front 19

Carbohydrates-

Back 19

Hydrophilic organic molecule
--Names: sacchar- and -ose indicate "sugar" or "sweet"
--Common carbs: monosaccarides, disaccarides, polysaccarides, glycogen, starch and cellulose (sugars and starches)
--A good source of energy that can be quickly metabolized, digested into glucose, then oxidized to make ATP

Front 20

Carbons-

Back 20

Basis of a wide variety of body structures
--Versatile element
--Easily binds to other atoms and can form long chains, branched molecules and rings

Front 21

Monosaccharides-

Back 21

Simple sugars
--3 major important sugars: glucose, fructose and galactose
--Obtain mainly by the digestion of complex carbs

Front 22

Disaccharides-

Back 22

Sugars made of 2 monosaccharides
--3 most common:
-sucrose- cane sugar and beet sugar
(glucose + fructose);
-lactose- milk sugar (glucose + galactose);
-maltose- product of starch digestion, in some foods (glucose + glucose)

Front 23

Polysaccharides-

Back 23

Long chains of glucose
--3 common:
-glycogen- energy-storing, made in liver, muscles, uterus, and vagina;
-starch- energy-storing, in plants, only significant digestible dietary polysac;
-cellulose- structural polysac, give strenght to cell walls of plants, most abundant compound, common in human diets, but not digestible (good source of fiber)

Front 24

Lipid-

Back 24

Hydrophobic organic molecule, made up of carbon, hydrogen and ozygen
--Typically considered Fats
--5 primary types: fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, eicosanoids, steriods

Front 25

Fatty Acids-

Back 25

Any of a large group of monobasic acids, especially those found in animal and vegetable fats and oils
--Classified as Saturated (has as many H as it can carry) and Unsaturated (has some double bonds, so doesn't have as many H as it could)
--Polyunsaturated- many double bonds preventing max of H
--Some must be obtained from the diet- essential fatty acids

Front 26

Triglycerides-

Back 26

A molecule comprising 3 fatty acids bonded to 3 alcohols
--Considered neutral fats
--Also called oils, because liquid at room temp

Front 27

Proteins-

Back 27

A polymer of amino acids
--Most versatile molecules in body
--Amphiphilic at times
--A polypeptide of 50 amino acids or more

Front 28

Amino Acids-

Back 28

Used to make proteins
--20 common amino acids make up all proteins with body

Front 29

Peptides-

Back 29

Any molecule composed of two or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds
--Named by the number of amino acids they have

Front 30

Enzymes-

Back 30

Proteins that function as catalyst
--permit biochemical reactions to occut rapidly at nomail body temperature
--Lowers the Activation Energy- energy needed to get the reaction started, by releasing energy in small steps

Front 31

Enzyme Structure-

Back 31

Substrate binds to active sites and creates a temporary enzyme-substrate complex
--Enzyme may break covalent bonds and change substrate, or may just permit the reactions by holding 2 or more substrates together
--Enzymes are specific as to what substrate they will bind with, expressing enzyme-substrate specificity
--Enzymes can be changed by temperature and pH

Front 32

Nucleotides-

Back 32

Organic compounds with 3 principals: nitrogenous base, a monosaccharide, and one or more phosphate groups

Front 33

ATP-

Back 33

Adenosine triphospahate (ATP)
--Body's most important energy-transfer molecule
--Store energy gained from exergonic reactions and releases it within seconds for work within the body