A & P Exam Iii Metabolism, Krebs Cycle

Front 1

How many phosphates does ADP contain?

Back 1

2

Front 2

How many phosphates does ATP contain?

Back 2

3

Front 3

What are the two processes in which ATP is formed?

Back 3

Substrate Level Phosphorylation and Oxidated Phosphorylation

Front 4

What is Substrate Level Phosphorylation?

Back 4

High energy substrate with a phosphate transfers that phosphate to ADP to make ATP

Front 5

What is Oxidated
Phosphorylation?

Back 5

High energy electrons are extracted from nutrients (proteins,carbs,fats) and are then carried to electron transport system where the energy is is extracted from the electrons used to make ATP.

Front 6

What is the manner in which most ATP is made?

Back 6

Oxidated Phosphorylation

Front 7

What are some of the "nutrients" that high energy electrons are extracted from during Oxidated Phosphorylation?

Back 7

Fats, Carbs and Proteins

Front 8

What is metabolism?

Back 8

The final breakdown of energy during food absorption (catabolism) + the production of new tissues and molecules.

Front 9

What is oxidation?

Back 9

The removal of electrons.

Front 10

What is reduction?

Back 10

The addition of electrons.

Front 11

What are coenzymes?

Back 11

Vitamins

Front 12

What are coenzymes responsible for?

Back 12

Carrying electrons.

Front 13

What are the primary energy molecules?

Back 13

Glucose

Front 14

How is glucose chemically represented?

Back 14

6 Carbons or C-C-C-C-C-C

Front 15

How does glucose enter the cell?

Back 15

Aided by insulin.

Front 16

What are the 2 "reducing agents" that food chemicals are converted to in order to make ATP?

Back 16

NADH and FADH

Front 17

What vitamin is NADH?

Back 17

Niacin

Front 18

What vitamin is FADH?

Back 18

Riboflavin

Front 19

What does the symbol "+" indicate?

Back 19

Oxidated

Front 20

What does the symbol "H" indicate?

Back 20

Reduced

Front 21

In glycolysis, what happens when a glucose molecule enters the cytoplasm?

Back 21

A phosphate group is attached.

Front 22

When does the absorptive state take place?

Back 22

After a meal.

Front 23

What hormone aids in food absorption after a meal?

Back 23

Insulin

Front 24

What takes place during the post-absorptive state?

Back 24

Low energy levels.

Front 25

What are 3 hormones that are responsible for leveling out blood sugar?

Back 25

Glucogon,Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

Front 26

What is another name for metabolic stress?

Back 26

Starvation

Front 27

What happens during metabolic stress?

Back 27

Glucose levels drop, Fat cannot pass the blood brain barrier, fat is converted to ketone bodies.

Front 28

What are some examples of ketone bodies?

Back 28

Acetone, Acetoacetate

Front 29

What happens during ketosis?

Back 29

The elevation of ketone bodies in the blood and a lowered blood pH.

Front 30

ATP

Back 30

High energy phosphate used to store and release energy in the body.

Front 31

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Back 31

Electrons are extrected from nutrients and then carried to the electron transport chain where the energy is extracted from the electrons used to make ATP

Front 32

FAD

Back 32

Riboflavin

Front 33

Glycolysis

Back 33

Break down of sugar by cells
Cellular energy production

Front 34

Kreb's Cycle

Back 34

conversion of carbohydrates and lipids (sugars and fats) into ATP
Body's main source of energy.

Front 35

Glycogenesis

Back 35

process whereby the liver converts a portion of glucose to glycogen

Front 36

Electron Transport Chain

Back 36

group of electron carriers in mitochondria that transport electrons to and from each other in a sequence, in order to generate ATP.

Front 37

Beta Oxidation

Back 37

Process by which fat is broken down in order to generate ATP.
(Acetocholine)

Front 38

Transamination

Back 38

the process of transposing an amino group within a chemical compound

Front 39

Gluconeogenesis

Back 39

The production of glucose, a carbohydrate, from either fat or protein
Liver/Kidney

Front 40

Deamination

Back 40

the amino grp is removed and placed into the urea cycle ehich converts it into urea which is excreted in the urine

Front 41

Ketosis

Back 41

abnormal accumulation of ketone bodies due to an inadequate intake or metabolism of carbohydrates and an increased fatty acid metabolism

Front 42

Adipose Capsule

Back 42

one consisting largely of fat

Front 43

Insulin

Back 43

a peptide hormone that enables the body to metabolize and use glucose.
Pancreas

Front 44

Glucagon

Back 44

Amino acid that can increase glucose levels (opposite of insulin).

Front 45

Renal Pelvis

Back 45

the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder.
-center of the kidney
-urine collects here

Front 46

Glomerulus

Back 46

Blood vessels in the kidney where blood is filtered to form urine.
Part of nephron

Front 47

Loop of Henele

Back 47

A U-shaped loop between the proximal and distal tubules in the kidney
Absorb water/ions kidney.

Front 48

Proximal Convuluted Tubule

Back 48

the segment of the renal tubule that drains Bowman's capsule.

Front 49

Afferent Arteriole

Back 49

A blood vessel within the kidney that supplies blood to the glomerulus.

Front 50

Vasa Recta

Back 50

Long, straight capillaries that parallel the loop of Henle in juxtamedullary nephrons.

Front 51

Ureters

Back 51

two tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder

Front 52

Urethra

Back 52

A thin tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body.

Front 53

Hyperkalemia

Back 53

high amounts of potassium in the blood.
Cardiac arrest

Front 54

ADH

Back 54

Hormone produced by the body to reduce the amount of water excreted as urine.

Front 55

Aldosterone

Back 55

a hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that controls sodium and potassium in the blood.

Front 56

Peritubular Vessels

Back 56

-AKA- vasa recta

Front 57

Cryptochidism

Back 57

one or both testicles do not descend into the scrotum.

Front 58

Interstitial Cells

Back 58

Cells in the testes that secrete male sex hormones.

Front 59

Seminiferous Tubules

Back 59

Tubules on the interior of the testes where sperm are produced.

Front 60

Efferent Ducts

Back 60

Tubules that carry substances away from, part of the testes and connect the rete testis with the epididymis

Front 61

Epididymis
Head/Body/Tail

Back 61

long, tightly coiled tube that lies behind each testicle. The epididymis collects the sperm made by the testicles.

Front 62

Ductus Deferens

Back 62

thick-walled tube in the male reproductive system that transports sperm cells from the epididymis.

Front 63

Prostate Gland

Back 63

surrounds base of male bladder and urethra and produces prostatic fluid; contains seminal plasmin-"antibiotic"

Front 64

Cowper's Gland

Back 64

produces lubricant a man makes before ejaculation. aids in the reduction of male UTI

Front 65

Granulosa Cells

Back 65

Project micro-villi into the primary oocyte

Front 66

Primary Oocyte

Back 66

A cell that undergoes meiosis in females.
arrested in Prophase of Meiosis I.

Front 67

Luteinizing Hormone

Back 67

This hormone is secreted by the pituitary gland. LH stimulates the secretion of sex hormones in both men and women.

Front 68

Fallopian Tubes

Back 68

the passageway from the ovaries to the uterus. It is the path through which the eggs/sperm travels into the uterus.

Front 69

Endometrium

Back 69

mucous membrane lining of the inner surface of the uterus that grows during each menstrual cycle and is shed in menstrual blood.

Front 70

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Back 70

a hormone produced by the pituitary gland in the brain that stimulates the testicles to produce sperm in males and causes eggs to mature in females

Front 71

Corpus Luteum

Back 71

A structure formed from the ovulated follicle in the ovary; secretes progesterone and estrogen. Preparation for pregnancy

Front 72

Give 2 examples of reduction.

Back 72

NAD + e(+) = NADH
FADH + e(+)= FADH(2)

Front 73

Where does Glycolysis take place?

Back 73

In the cytoplasm

Front 74

Where does Decarboxylation take place?

Back 74

In the mitochondria

Front 75

Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?

Back 75

In the matrix of the mitochondria

Front 76

What is the product of Glycolysis?

Back 76

Pyruvic Acid (Pyruvate)

Front 77

Protein Metabolism

Back 77

#1 purpose is the removal of the amino group. (deamination)

Front 78

Lypolysis -aka- Fat Metabolism

Back 78

Lypolysis is the natural biochemical process of burning fat and dissolving fat for energy.

Front 79

Steps in Lypolysis

Back 79

-Beta Carbon is cut by enzymes
-2 carbon fragments are produced (acetylcholine)
-acetycholine fed to Krebs Cycle
-high energy electrons extracted

Front 80

Fat Metabolism Diagram

Back 80

H H H H H O
| | | | | |
H-C- C/ C- C/ C- C-OH
| | | | | |
H H H H H H

Front 81

Ketone Generation

Back 81

-low glucose state
-fat cannot pass BBB
-fat is converted to ketone bodies (acetone,acetoacetate)
-ketone bodies can pass BBB

Front 82

Hormone during absorptive state

Back 82

Insulin

Front 83

Hormones during Post-Absorptive State

Back 83

Glucogon-maintain blood sugar lvl
Epinephrine-mobilizes stored energy
Norepinephrine-mobilizes stored energy

Front 84

Hormones that effect water and blood pressure balance in the body

Back 84

Cortisol-blood pressure
Aldosterone- blood and water
ADH- water

Front 85

Where are the reproductive hormones made and what controls their production?

Back 85

Testosterone-testes,interstitial cells
Luteinizing Hormone-
eggs and sperm,anterior pituitary
Progesterone-corpus luteum,ovulation
hCG-placenta,pregnancy
Estrogen-ovaries/testes,secondary sex characteristics
Follicle Stimulating Hormone-
pituitary gland,egg and sperm production

Front 86

Features of the ovarian cycle

Back 86

oogonia-atem cell
3-7 months pass
primary oocyte-primary foll.
puberty
primary oocyte-prim foll.-pub
primary oocyte-secondary foll
secondary oocyte-tertiary fol

Front 87

Uterine Cycle

Back 87

Menses(1-5 days)
Proliferative Phase (6-14)
Secretory (15-28)

Front 88

Fertilization

Back 88

Fertilization
sperm-->oocyte
Capacitaion
sperm activation sperm-->seminal fluid
Sperm Travel
vagina-->ampulla

Front 89

Pregnacy

Back 89

semen->vagina->cervix->uterus->uterine tube-> oocyte->corona radiata/zona pellucida->egg nucleus

Front 90

Lactation

Back 90

secretions are emptied into lactiferous duct which leads to nipple

Front 91

Menopause

Back 91

ovaries stop producing eggs, her body produces less estrogen and progesterone, and menstruation becomes less frequent, eventually stopping altogether.