A & P Exam 3 Respiratory Blood-Gas

Front 1

What is the effect of Surface tension on the walls of the Pleural cavity ?

Back 1

~ The surface tension Created by the PLEURAL FLUID secures the visceral and parietal pleura TOGETHER ( During Breathing)

Front 2

The EFFECTS OF surface tension are REDUCED by what?

Back 2

~ Surfactant-a lipoprotein secreted by TYPE 2 PNEUMOCYTES

Front 3

Surfactant is produced by ______ cells at what age?

Back 3

~ by septal cells, beginning @ 8 months of gestation.
note; this is why preemies have lung/breathing difficulties, the surfactant has not been developed yet

Front 4

What and where is the PLEURAL CAVITY ?

Back 4

~ the pleural cavity is a small potential space BETWEEN the VISCERAL and PARIETAL PLEURA.

Front 5

What is pleura ?

Back 5

~The serous membrane that COVERS the lungs and lines the walls of the CHEST and DIAPHRAGM

Front 6

WHAT is the pneumotaxic area ?

Back 6

~ the pneumotaxic area is a part of the respiratory center in the PONS that continually sends INHIBITORY NERVE IMPULSES TO THE INSPIRATORY AREA, LIMITING INHALATION AND FACILITATING EXHALATION

Front 7

what is PULMONARY Ventilation ?

Back 7

~ Pulmonary ventilation is the INFLOW (inhalation) and OUTFLOW(exhalation) of air between the atmosphere(atm) and the lungs.

Front 8

Describe what Pulmonary Circulation is ?

Back 8

~ pulmonary circulation is the flow of DEOXYGENATED BLOOD from the RIGHT VENTRICLE to the lungs and the return of OXYGENATED blood from the lungs to the LEFT ATRIUM

Front 9

wHAT IS pulmonary edema ?

Back 9

~ An abinormal accumulation of INTERSTITIAL FLUID in the tissue spaces and ALVEOLI OF THE LUNGS due to INCREASED PULMOARY CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY OR INCREASED PULMONARY CAPILARY PRESSURE

Front 10

~ HYPOXIA- WHAT IS IT?

Back 10

~ Lack of sufficient o2 @ THE TISSUE LEVEL.

Front 11

HYPERCAPNIA?

Back 11

~ aN ABNORMAL increase IN THE amount OF co2 ( CARBON DIOXIDE)

Front 12

Hypoventilation ?

Back 12

~ A rate of respiration LOWER than that required to maintain a normal PARTIAL PRESSURE OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN PLASMA

Front 13

Describe the LARYNX ?

Back 13

the laynx, or VOICE BOX, is a short tube of cartilage lined by MUCOUS MEMBRANE that CONNECTS the PHARYNX with the TRACHEA

Front 14

Describe Thyroid cartilage ?

Back 14

it's common name is the "Adams Apple", FORMS the anterior wall of the LARYNX.

Front 15

Describe the Epiglottis ?

Back 15

~ the epiglottis has a LARGE, TONGUE SHAPE, it's function is: CLOSES DURING SWALLOWING TO PREVENT ASPIRATION INTO THE LUNGS.

Front 16

DESCRIBE THE PHARYNX ?

Back 16

~ THE Pharynx (or throat), is a funnel-shaped tube that starts at the internal nares and extends partway down the neck. It lies just POSTERIOR to the nasal and ORAL CAVITIES and just anterior to the cervical (neck) vertebae. The pharynx functions as the passageway for AIR and FOOD, provides a RESONATING CHAMBER FOR SPEECH SOUNDS, HOUSES THE TONSILS, W/C PARTICIPATE IN IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO FORIEGN INVADERS. THE UPPER PART OF THE PHARYNX IS CALLED THE NASOPHARYNX, CONNECTS W/ THE TWO INTERNAL NARES AND HAS TWO OPENINGS THAT LEAD INTO THE AUDITORY(EUSTACHIAN TUBES). THE POSTERIOR WALL CONTAINS THE PHARYNGEAL TONSIL.(SINGLE NOT paired).

Front 17

External respiration is______?
(ALSO TERMED PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE)

Back 17

~ external respiration is the exchange of gases between the air spaces (alveoli) of the lungs and the blood in pulmonary capillaries. In this process, pulmonary capillary blood GAINS O2, and loses CO2.

Front 18

Describe internal respiration?
OR SYSTEMIC GAS EXCHANGE

Back 18

~ internal respiration is the exchange of gases between blood in the SYSTEMIC CAPILLARIES and tisuue cells. the blood loses O2 and gains CO2.

Front 19

What is the difference between an Alveoli and an alveolus?

Back 19

~ The difference is that an alveolus is a sac which contain two or more ALVEOLI.

Front 20

What is the bronchial tree ?

Back 20

The Bronchial Tree. Descending from the :
TRACHEA
PRIMARY BRONCHI
SECONDARY BRONCHI
TERTIARY BRONCHI
BRONCHIOLES
TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES

Front 21

Describe where air would pass thru beginning with the mouth and nose ?

Back 21

~ air would pass thru the nose and mouth enter the trachea and end at the TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES.

Front 22

The exchange of O2 and CO2 between the _______ _______ in the lungs and the blood takes place by ________ across the _________ and ______ walls, which together form the _________ ________.

Back 22

~ air spaces
~ diffusion
~ alveolar and capillary walls
~ respiratory membrane

Front 23

What forms the respiratory membrane ?

Back 23

~ the respiratory membrane is formed by the ALVEOLAR and CAPILLARY WALLS.

Front 24

Where are the lungs located ?

Back 24

~ the lungs are located in the THORACIC CAVITY. THEY ARE SEPERATED FROM EACHOTHER BY THE HEART AND OTHER STRUCTURES IN THE MEDIASTINUM.

Front 25

wHAT IS THE PLEURAL MEMBRANE ?

Back 25

~ the pleural membrane is a DOUBLE-LAYERED SEROUS MEMBRANE THAT ENCLOSES AND PROTECTS EACH LUNG. THE OUTER LAYER IS ATTACHED TO THORACIC CAVITY AND DIAPHRAGM AND IS CALLED the PARIETAL PLEURA. tHE INNER LAYER, the visceral pleura, is attached to the lungs. Between the visceral and parietal pleurae isa NARROW SPAC, the pleural cavity, which contains a lubricating fluid secreted by the membranes, ALLOWING THEM TO SLIDE OVER ONE ANOTHER DURING BREATHING.

Front 26

dOES THE TRACHEA DIviDE AND IF SO INTO WHAT ?

Back 26

Yes. the trachea divides into a right primary bronchus which goes to the right lung, and a left primary bronchus, which goes to the left lung. on entering the lungs, the primary bronchus divide to form the secondary bronchi, one for each lobe.the secondary bronchi continue to branch, forming the still smaller bronchi, called tertiary bronchi, that divide several times, utimatley giving rise to smaller bronchioles. Bronchioles, in turn, branch into even smaller tubes called terminal bronchioles.

Front 27

What is an ALVEOLUS ?
( pleural is alveoli)

Back 27

~ an Alveolus is a cup-shaped outpouching of an alveolar SAC. Many alveoli and alveolar sacs surround each alveolar duct. The walls of alveoli consist mainly of alveolar cells, w/c are simple squamous epithelial cells. They are the MAIN SITES OF GAS EXCHANGE. Scattered among them are surfactant secreting cells that secrete ALVEOLAR FLUID, WHICH KEEPS THE SURFACE BETWEEN THE CELLS AND THE AIR MOIST. INCLUDED IN THE ALVEOLAR FLUID IS SURFACTANT, also there are wandering macrophages.

Front 28

Are there phagocytes in the alveolar fluid and if so what type and what is their function ?

Back 28

Yes, alveolar MACROPHAGES, wandering phagocytes that remove fine dustparticles and other debris in the alveolar spaces.

Front 29

What muscles are used during inhalation/inspiration ?

Back 29

The muscles of quiet (unforced) inhalation are the diaphragm, and the EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS.

Front 30

What happens to these muscles of (INSPIRATION)?

Back 30

The daphragm contracts when it receives nerve impulses from the PHRENIC NERVES. As the diaphragm contracts, it descends and becomes FLATTER, which causes the VOLUME of the lungs to EXPAND. As the EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS CONTRACT, THEY PULL the RIBS UPWARD and OUTWARD; the attached lungs FOLLOW, further increasing the lung VOLUME. CONTRACTION OF THE DIAPHRAGM IS RESPONSIBLE FOR 75% OF THE AIR THAT ENTERS THE LUNGS.