A+P Exam #3 Respiratory

Front 1

What are the four basic processes of respiration?

Back 1

Pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, gas transport through the blood, internal respiration.

Front 2

What is pulmonary ventilation?

Back 2

Breathing.

Front 3

What is external respiration?

Back 3

Exchange of gases between alveoli and blood

Front 4

What is gas transport through the blood?

Back 4

From lungs to tissues and back to the lungs

Front 5

What is internal respiration?

Back 5

Exchange of gases between tissues to blood

Front 6

What is the nasal cavity lined with? What is the function of this lining?

Back 6

The nasal cavity is lined with pseudostratified ciliated epithelium and the thin layer of mucus is used to stop debris and Cilia move dirty mucus to the back of the mouth to spit or swallow.

Front 7

What are the functions of the nasal cavity?

Back 7

Functions to filter warm and moisten air also acts as a resonating chamber.

Front 8

What are the three parts of the pharynx?

Back 8

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx.

Front 9

Where is the nasopharynx located and what is it a passageway for?

Back 9

Located behind the nasal cavity and is only a passageway for air.

Front 10

What is the nasopharynx lined with?

Back 10

Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium.

Front 11

What's the function of the pharangeal tonsil and what's it made out of?

Back 11

Protection from pathogens and made out of lymphoid tissue.

Front 12

What moves through the oropharynx?

Back 12

Air , food and liquid.

Front 13

What lines the oropharynx?

Back 13

Stratified squamous epithelium.

Front 14

What moves through the laryngopharynx?

Back 14

Air, food, liquid.

Front 15

What lines the laryngopharynx?

Back 15

Stratified squamous epithelium.

Front 16

How many cartilages make up the larynx?

Back 16

Nine cartilages.

Front 17

What is the function of the epiglottis in the larynx?

Back 17

Called guardian of Airways, keeps food out of the lungs, made of elastic cartilage.

Front 18

What is the larynx made up of?

Back 18

Epiglottis, thyroid and cricoid cartilage is, and voice box.

Front 19

What is the shape of the tracheal cartilage rings? What is their function?

Back 19

C shaped hyaline cartilage rings that function to stretch in Recoil during inspiration and expiration, keep Airway from completely closing.

Front 20

Describe the mucosa and lamina propria of the trachea.

Back 20

Mucosa is made up of pseudostratified ciliated epithelium with lots of goblet cells, and lamina propria is made up of connective tissue which provides nutrients to the mucosa.

Front 21

Describe the submucosa and adventitia of tracheal wall

Back 21

Submucosa is made up of connective tissue with saris and mucous glands and adventitia is made up of connective tissue with cartilage rings.

Front 22

How many bronchi are in the right and left lung?

Back 22

Three secondary bronchi in the right lung and two secondary bronchi in the left lung.

Front 23

What are the smallest bronchi called?

Back 23

Bronchioles.

Front 24

Respiratory bronchioles to __________ to ____________.

Back 24

Alveolar ducts to alveoli.

Front 25

Where does the respiratory Dead Zone end?

Back 25

Ends at the respiratory bronchi which is the start of gas exchange.

Front 26

Describe the epithelial changes that occur as conducting tubes become smaller.

Back 26

Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium to simple columnar to simple cuboidal to simple squamous in the alveoli.

Front 27

Describe cartilaginous changes that occur as the conducting tubes become smaller.

Back 27

Hyaline cartilage rings to smaller plates of Hyaline to no cartilage.

Front 28

Describe smooth muscle changes as conducting tubes become smaller.

Back 28

More smooth muscle to Les smooth muscle towards the respiratory zone structures.

Front 29

What does sympathetic output do to Airways? What kind of receptors are involved?

Back 29

Dialate airways. Beta adrenergic receptors.

Front 30

What does parasympathetic output do to Airways? What type of receptors are involved?

Back 30

Constriction. Alpha adrenergic receptors.

Front 31

What type of tissue makes up type 1 alveolar cells and what does it produce?

Back 31

Simple squamous epithelium and it produces Angiotensin converting enzyme.

Front 32

What type of tissue makes up type 2 alveolar cells and what does it secrete?

Back 32

Almost simple cuboidal cells and it secretes surfactant.

Front 33

What is surfactant?

Back 33

Lipid containing substance that reduces surface tension in alveoli and prevents collapse of air sacs.

Front 34

Each lung lies in its own____________.

Back 34

Pleural cavity.

Front 35

Where is the heart located relative to the lungs?

Back 35

Heart located in cardiac notch in left lung

Front 36

Describe Boyle's Law as it relates to pulmonary ventilation.

Back 36

Pressure of a gas is inversely proportional with the volume of its container.

Front 37

Is inspiration an active or passive process?

Back 37

Active process.

Front 38

In order to inspire one must _________ pressure in lungs by __________ volume.

Back 38

Decrease, increasing

Front 39

What muscles are Contracting during inspiration?

Back 39

Diaphragm and external intercostals.

Front 40

Increased interpulmonary volume=__________ interpulmonary pressure= air _____________

Back 40

Decreased, air rushing in

Front 41

What must one use for deep inspiration? Specify?

Back 41

Accessory muscles. Pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes.

Front 42

Is expiration a passive process or active process?

Back 42

Passive process at rest.

Front 43

What is elastic recoil?

Back 43

Relaxing of inspiratory muscles.

Front 44

As volume decreases in the lungs what happens to pressure?

Back 44

Increases.

Front 45

Expiring more air than normal is an ________ process.

Back 45

Active

Front 46

What are the accessory expiratory muscles?

Back 46

Abdominal muscles and internal intercostals.

Front 47

What is tidal volume?

Back 47

At rest, amount of air inspired or expired. In order to expire a title volume amount of air, just relax.

Front 48

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

Back 48

Use accessory inspiration muscles to take in more air.

Front 49

What is expiratory reserve volume?

Back 49

Amount of air you can expired Beyond tidal volume.

Front 50

What is residual volume?

Back 50

Amount of air left over in the lungs needed so the lungs won't collapse.

Front 51

What is vital capacity?

Back 51

All Air you can possibly Inspire and expire (tidal volume plus inspiratory Reserve Volume Plus expiratory Reserve volume)

Front 52

What is total lung capacity?

Back 52

Vital capacity + residual volume

Front 53

Where does oxygen and CO2 go during external respiration?

Back 53

Oxygen transfers to the blood and CO2 goes from blood to lungs for expiration.

Front 54

How is oxygen transported?

Back 54

Oxygen is transported in red blood cells.

Front 55

What does oxygen bind to in hemoglobin?

Back 55

It binds to the iron of the heme group in hemoglobin

Front 56

Each hemoglobin molecule can bind to a total of _____ oxygen molecules.

Back 56

4

Front 57

Where does oxygen go during internal respiration?

Back 57

Oxygen disassociate from hemoglobin in the tissues and goes from the blood to tissues for ATP production.

Front 58

What are the factors that control the rate at which hemoglobin binds or releases oxygen?

Back 58

PCO2, PO2, Temp, pH

Front 59

What are the factors associated with active tissues?

Back 59

High PCO2, low PO2, high temp, low pH

Front 60

What are the factors associated with lungs?

Back 60

Low PCO2, high PO2, low temp, higher pH.

Front 61

What is oxygen called when it binds with hemoglobin?

Back 61

Oxyhemoglobin

Front 62

Where will CO2 dissolve and where does most CO2 go when it diffuses into the blood?

Back 62

CO2 will dissolve in the plasma and when Syracuse diffuses into the blood most goes into the red blood cells.

Front 63

What happens when there's more CO2 in the blood?

Back 63

More carbonic acid is formed.

Front 64

What is the result of more carbonic acid in the blood?

Back 64

Blood pH lowers leading to acidosis

Front 65

What are the pontine respiratory centers?

Back 65

The ventral respiratory group and the dorsal respiratory group.

Front 66

What does the ventral respiratory group do?

Back 66

Sets resting respiratory rate of medulla oblongata (12-15 breaths/min)

Front 67

What does the dorsal respiratory group do?

Back 67

Sends input to ventral respiratory group based on need.

Front 68

Where are the Central and peripheral chemoreceptors located?

Back 68

Central chemoreceptors in medulla near Fourth ventricle and peripheral chemoreceptors are located in carotid and aortic bodies.

Front 69

What do chemoreceptors monitor?

Back 69

Monitor pH and CO2 and O2

Front 70

What happens when there's increased CO2 and how does the respiratory system help?

Back 70

With increased CO2 comes increased carbonic acid and decrease pH and the respiratory rate must increase to blow off this extra

Front 71

What is the optimal blood pH?

Back 71

7.35-7.45

Front 72

What are the causes of acidosis?

Back 72

High CO2 and high carbonic

Front 73

What are the causes of alkalosis?

Back 73

Low CO2 and high pH

Front 74

During respiratory acidosis, what is the respiratory system's response and what gets built up in the blood?

Back 74

Hyperventilation and buildup of carbonic acid in the blood

Front 75

During respiratory alkalosis what is the respiratory system's response and what is lost in the blood?

Back 75

Hypoventilation and loss of carbonic acid in blood.