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174 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the hormone that increases transcription of the gene for casein?
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Prolactin
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What is the part of interphase in which the cell undergoes DNA replication?
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S
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List the enzyme that opens the DNA helix for replication?
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Helicase
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Cytokinesis starts during which phase of mitosis?
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Anaphase
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What is the structure that connects the chromosomes to the spindle fibers during mitosis?
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Centromere
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Chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes are called this?
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Autosomes
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What is the name for the location of a particular gene on the chromosomes?
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Locus
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During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell?
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Metaphase
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What is an example of allele?
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Blue eyes
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During which part of interphase does the cell grow and do it's normal job?
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G1
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Cells that have half the normal number of chromosomes are referred to as?
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Haploid
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Meiosis produces how many gamate from a single cell?
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4
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This term describels the co-mingling of chromosomes during meiosis and leads to genetic diversity?
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Crossing over
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Giv an example of and allele?
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Hair color
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What is the process of DNA replication?
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1. Helicase- the untwisting and seperation of both strands of DNA.
2. DNA polymersase- makes and exact copy of DNA 3. DNA Ligase- connects individual pieces of DNA to make one single piece. |
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What is the Cell Life Cycle?
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1. Interphase
---G1- grows, and does their daily job. ---S- DNA is replicated ---G2- getting ready for reproduction 2. Mitotic Phase --- repoduction phase |
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What happens in the Interphase of Mitosis?
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DNA replication
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What happens in the Prophase of Mitosis?
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Chromatin becomes chromosomes.
--- spindle fibers attach to the centromere --- the nuclear membrane is no longer visible |
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What happens in the Metaphase of Mitosis?
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Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
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What happens in the Anaphase of Mitosis?
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Chromatid are pulled by spindle fibers to each side of the cell
--- Cytokinesis begins in this phase- which is divideing. |
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What happens in the Telephase of Mitosis?
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The cell finishes dividing.
--- the nuclear membrane reforms --- DNA becomes chromatin again |
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What are autosomes?
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They are individual chromosome. With the exception of sex chromosomes.
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What is a locus?
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This is the exact location of a gene
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What is an allele?
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varying from a gene.
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What is a Dominant allele?
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dominates over recessive allele.
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What is a Recessive allele?
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less dominate allele
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What is homozygous?
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having identical allele
BB, bb |
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What is hetrozygous?
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having 1 dominate & 1 recessive allle
Bb |
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In mitosis how many times does a cell divide?
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1 time
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In meiosis how many times does a cell divide?
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4 times
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In Mitosis how many chromosomes does each identical daughter have?
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1 full set, 23 pairs, or 46 total chromosomes
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In Meiosis how many chromosomes does each daughter have?
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1 half set.
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What is phenotype?
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It is the physical appearance.
-- what we physicall look like. ---- red hair, blue eyes, freckles |
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What is genotype?
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It is the genitic make up. Either BB- dominate, or Bb- recessive
-- this isn't physical. You can't see this. |
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Which embryonic tissue type develops into our muscle?
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Mesoderm
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An epithelial tissue that is made of multiple layers of cube shaped cells is called?
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Stratified cuboidal
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The epithelium that lines the inner wall of the bladder is called?
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Transitional epithelium
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What type of epithelium is found in the intestines is?
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Simple columnar epithelium
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Which type of gland deposits it's production through a duct?
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Excocrine
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Whish connective tissue type is found in the ear?
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Elastic Cartilage
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What is an example of a protein found in the extracellular matrix that provides structure for the fibers and cells of connective tissue?
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Proteoglycin
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Which embrytoic tissue type developes into the nervous system?
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Ectoderm
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An epithelial tissue that is made of one layer of cube shaped cell is called?
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Simple cuboidal
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What type of epithelium is most useful for areas of the body that have to be protected against friction?
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Stratified squamous
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Which type of gland deposits its product into the blood stream?
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Endocine
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Which specific connective tissue type makes up tendons and ligaments?
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Dense regular
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What is an example of a protein found in the extracellular matrix that provides structure for the fibers and cells of connective tissue?
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GAG, Glucosamine, Chondroiton
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How does the basement membrane support healing process when the eithelium has been damaged?
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It gives new produced cells a place to stick as the heal from the exterior of the wound.
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The airway (trachea, bronchi) are lined with epithelium. What kind of epthelium lines these passages? How does this epithelium work to prevent bacteria from entering the lungs?
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Ciliated Simple Columnar is the Epithelium that lines these passages.
The mucous traps the bacteria andthe cilia moves it up and out of the trachea. |
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What are examples of Simple Squamous epithelial?
What is the function? |
Lung Alveoli, Glomerolus
It is thin which makes exchange through epithelium easy. |
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Where are Stratified Squamous cells found?
What is the function? |
Skin, Esophagus, Rectum, Vaginal
It is thick to provide projection in areas that get abrasion |
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The airways in the nose are lined with epithelium. What kind of ephithelium lines these passages? How does the ephithelium work to prevent bacteria from entering the lungs?
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Ciliated Columnar Epithelium lines the passage.
The cilia moves the mucous to the back of the throat to be moved through to be swallowed. |
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What type of cells are found in Elastic Connective Tissue, and what type of fibers are found here if any?
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Fibroblast
Fibroclast Elastic fibers |
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What type of cells are found in Adipose Connective Tissue, and what type of fibers are found here if any?
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Adipocytes
NO fibers |
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What type of cells are found in Bone Connective Tissue, and what type of fibers are found here if any?
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Osteoblast
Osteocytes NO Fibers |
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What type of cells are found in Cartilage Connective Tissue, and what type of fibers are found here if any?
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Chondroblast
Chondrocytes NO Fibers |
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What type of cells are found in Dense irregular Connective Tissue, and what type of fibers are found here if any?
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Fibroblast
Fibrocytes Collagen Fibers |
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What type of cells are found in Loose Connective Tissue, and what type of fibers are found here if any?
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Fibroblast
Fibrocytes Collagen |
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What type of cells are found in Blood Connective Tissue, and what type of fibers are found here if any?
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Erthyrocytes
Leukocytes Plasma NO fibers |
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What type of cells are found in Cartilage Connective tissue, and what type of fibers are found here if any?
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Chondrocytes
Chodroblast Collagen |
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What type of cells are found in Bone Connective Tissue, and what type of fibers are found here if any?
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Osteocytes
Osteoblast Collagen |
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What type of cells are found in Dense Irregular Connective Tissue, and what type of fibers are found here if any?
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Fibroblast
Fibroclast Collagen |
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What surfaces do Epithelial Tissue line?
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Lines surfaces, and inside lining of organ
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What surfaces do Connective Tissue line?
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Bones, Cartilage, Blood, Fat
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What surfaces do Muscle Tissue line?
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Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth
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What surfaces do Nervous Tissue line?
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Spinal Cord, Brain, and Nerves
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What is Ectoderm?
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The outer layer of embryotic tissue.
Becomes the brain, spinal cord, and skin |
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What is Mesoderm?
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The middle layer of embryotic tissue.
Becomes the muscle |
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What is Endoderm?
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The inner most layer of embryotic tissue.
Becomes the organs |
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What shapes of Epitelial cells are there?
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Simple
Stratified Pseudostratified |
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How many cell layers in simple cells?
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1 layer of cells
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How many cell layers in stratified cells?
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Multiple layers of cells
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What do cuboidal cells look like?
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same wide as tall
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What do columnar cells look like?
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taller than wide
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What do squamous cells look like?
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no distinct shape
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Simple Squamous Epithelium
What is the functions and where are they found? |
The function is to move items through epithilium
They are found in: Lung Alveoli Glomerolus- kidneys Endothelilum-lining of blood vessels |
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium
What is the functions and where are they found? |
The function is for a thick chunk of epithelium to protect areas from abrasion
Skin, Esphagus, rectum, vaginal canal |
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Transitional Epithelium
What is the function and where are they found? |
The function is to expand quickly.
Bladder |
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Simple Columnar Epithelium
Where are they located? |
They are located in the GI tract, and the Stomach
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Ciliated Simple Columnar
Where are they located? |
They are located in the respitory tract, bronchi, nasal passage, oviduct
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What are goblet cells?
Where are they located? |
They make mucous
They are located in Simple Columnar Epithilum, and Ciliated Simple Columnar |
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What are Endocrine glands?
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They make hormones and put them into the the blood stream.
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What are Exocrine glands?
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They make everything other than hormones.
They put them in immediate areas through a duct. Sweat |
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What are the constituents of the extracellular matrix, including fiber types and ground substance in the connective tissue?
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Ground Substances
- glycosaminoglycan (GAG) Chondroitin Sulfate Glucosamine - proteoglycan |
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That kinds of fibers are found in Connective Tissue?
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Elastic
Collagen Reticular |
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What is Loose Connective Tissue?
Location? Fiber types? Cell types? |
Its jiggly, less fibers, more extracellular matrix
Located on surfaces of organs, and in membranes. Fiber types- Collagen & Elastic Cell types- Fibroblast & Fibrocytes |
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Dense Connective Tissue?
Location? Fiber types? Cell types? |
Firmer, more fibers, less extracellular matrix
Fiber types- collagen Cell types- fibroblast & fibrocytes |
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Where are Dense Regular Connective Tissue found?
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Tendons and Ligaments
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Where are Dense Irregular Connective Tissue found?
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Located in Skin- Dermis
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What is Elastic Connective Tissue?
Location? Fiber types? Cell types? |
Located in Arteries, traches, ligaments of the vertebra
Cell types- fibroblast & fibroclast Fiber types- Elastic |
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Adipose- Fall Cells Connective Tissue
Location? Fibers types? Cell types? |
Fat cells, nucleus pushed to the outer edge of cell
Located- everywhere in the body Fibers- No fibers Cell- Adipocytes |
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Cartilage Connective Tissue
Location? Cell types? Fiber types? |
Located in ears, nose, mouth, joints, ribs, intervertebral disks, larynx
Cell types- Chondrocytes & Condroblast Fibers- NO fibers PERICHONDRIUM- the very outer edge of cartilage |
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Where is Hyaline cartilage found?
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Embryotic bones, joints, and trachea
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Where is Elastic cartilage found?
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Pinna- ear, epiglottis- flap covers the airway.
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Where is Fibro-cartilage found?
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Invertebral Disks, meniscus
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Bone in Connective Tissue
Location? Cell type? Fiber type? |
Location is the skeleton
Cell type- osteoblast &osteocytes Fiber types- No fibers enclosed in a lacunae |
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Blood Connective Tissue
Location? Cell types? Fiber types? |
Location is the veins & arteries
cell types- RBC- erythrocytes WBC- leukocytes Plasma- thrombocytes Fiber types- No fibers Liquid matrix- filled with plasma |
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What is the difference between epithelial tissue & connective tissue?
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Epithelial tissue-
-has multiple cells,cells right next to each other -very little space between each cell -No blood in the cells -No fibers Connective Tissue- -Fewer cells - more extracellular matix, lots of space between each cell - Has fibers Has blood vessels present |
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Macrophages what are they?
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large phagocytes that are in connective tissue.
Engulf and destroy bacteria and other foreign particles an dead or dying cells |
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Fibroblast what are they?
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large cells tht have wispy branche
produce the fibers and ground substance tht from the matrix of the tissue |
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What are Leukocytes?
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WBC- white blood cells
travel through the blood stream. |
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What is the major function of skin, and give an example of each?
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Protective- mechanical damage, chemical damage, bacterial damage
Sensory- ability to feel touch and pressure of pain Synthesis- skin produces vit D. Linked to mood, boost immune system, important for calcium absorbtion Excretion- to get rid of waste, eliminate waste through sweat |
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What layers are found in the epidermis?
What cells are found in each layer? What is unique about the stratum corneum & stratum basle? |
Epidermis layer consists of 5 layers
1.- stratum corneum- keratinocytes cells 2.- stratum lucidum- dendritic cells 3.- stratum granulosum- dendritic cells 4.- stratum spinosum- dendritic cells 5.- stratum basale- melanocytes cells Stratum Basale is the inner most layer, its made of tactile cells, most of mitosis Stratum Corneum is the outer most layer, made of keratin |
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What layers are found in the dermis?
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Middle layer of Skin
Top Layer- Papillary Layer- epidermal ridges move down to dermis. In this layer BV capillaries and pressure receptors for pain and pressure are located in this layer. Bottom Layer- Reticular Layer- filled with collagin, deepest layer of dermis. BV, and cutaneous glands are located in this layer. Pressure receptors |
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What is found in Hypodermis?
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Also known as: subcutaneous layer
fatty layer bottom layer of dermis lots of blood vessels located in this layer |
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What causes different skin pigments?
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amts of melatin- turns skin shades of brown.
amts of carotene- turns skin orange/yellow color amts of oxygen in RBC- -- more turns red -- less turns blue jaundice- yellow pallor- pale erythema- red color |
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What are the types cutaneous glands?
Where are they located? What are there functions? |
Sebaceous Glands- oil glands, secrete sebum (oil)
function- is to be antibacterial located in dermis Exocrine gland Pseudoriferous Gland- sweat gland Exocrine gland Eccrine gland- located all over and produces sweat Apocrne gland- located iin axillary & genital areas produces pheromones, fatty aacids, and proteins |
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What are the 3 classifications of Burns?
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1 degree- effects epidermis extreminites
2 degree- effects epidermis and papilla layer of dermis 3 degree- effects all epidermis and dermis layers |
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What is the Rule of 9's when talking about burns?
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The rule of 9s is talking about 11 divided areas of the body equalling 9% of the body each.
this is to help with determining how much of the body is burned |
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What are the 3 main types of Cancer cells?
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1- basal cell carcinoma
2- squamous cell carcinoma 3- melanoma |
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Basal Cell Carcinoma-
where do the cells orginate? Can they metastsize? How quick do they grow? |
They orginate in the stratum basale layer
they grow slowly they are invasive, and grow deep skin induced |
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Squamous Cell Carcinoma-
where do the cells orginate? Can they metastasize? How quick do they grow? |
They orginate in the stratum spinosum layer
they grow faster they can metastasize, dont ignore sun induced |
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Melanoma
where do they orginate? Can they metastasize? How quick do they grow? |
Rarest of the 3, most deadly
originate in stratum basale layer they grow fast they metastasize cancer of melanocytes |
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What does Benign mean?
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cells that don't spread, and cause no harm
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What does Metastasis mean?
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grows quickly and spreads to other locations with the same receptor genes
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How do cancers repoduce so fast?
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The oncogen causes te cell division to accelerate out of control.
Induces excessive secreation o growth factor receptors. Causes the DNA to mutate. |
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What happens in Anagen phase in hair growth?
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growing phase 6-8 yrs
stem cells multiply and follicles grow deeper into dermis, hair matrix cells multiply causing hair to grow upward |
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What happens in Catagen phase in hair growth?
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degenerative phase 2-3 weeks
hair growth ceases, hair bulb keratinizes and forms club hair lower follicles degenerates |
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What happens in Telegen phase in hair growth?
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resting phase 1-3 months
dermal papilla has ascended to level of bulge, club hair falls out usually in telogen or next anagen phase |
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What are the functions of the skeletal system?
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Support- internal framework
protection- of internal organs movement- joints act as levers for muscle action storage- fat calcium, phosphorous- minerals stored in bones by bone cells Hematopoeisis- making blood cels, RBC & WBC, bone marrow |
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What are the terms of LONG BONE anatomy?
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Diaphysis- long shaft part of the bone
Epiphyses- the top and bottom parts of the bone Nutrient Formina- allows blood to enter the bone Articular cartilage- made of hyaline cartilage- on the outside of the bottom part of the bone |
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How does bone growth occur prior to closure of the epiphyseal plate, and how it grows after closure of the plate?
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Made of hyaline cartilage.
The epiphyseal plate grows in length until it closes and then it becomes epiphyseal line. which then the bone grows outward. |
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What are the long bone membranes?
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Medullary Cavity- hollow space that carries bone marrow
Periosteum- outer layer of the bone. Fibrous Connective Tissue contains capillaries Endosteum- inner layer of the medullary cavity contains osteoblast, and osteoclast |
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What are the 4 types of bone cells?
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Osteogenic Cells
Osteoblast Cells Osteocyte Cells Osteoclast Cells |
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What is the function and location of Osteogenic cells?
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Osteogenic cells are stem cells that can become any other type of bone cells.
--can become osteoblast first found in endosteum, and the inner lay of periosteum and central canal |
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What is the function and location of Osteoblast cells?
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Osteoblat take calcium from the blood and puts it in the bones.
found in the bone surface under the endosteum and periosteum |
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What is the function and location of Osteocyte cells?
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Osteocytes are osteoblasts that have formed bone around them. They are around a lacunae
Function is for some to reasorb bone matrix and some to deposit it elsewher |
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What is the function and location of Osteoclast cells?
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Osteoclast cells take calcium out of the bone and puts in in the blood stream.
Don't start as osteogenic cells Undergoes phagocytosis-which means to eat bone. |
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Difference between spongy bone and compact bone?
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Spongy bone- has trabeculae bc they need to have support to allow angular movement
Compact bone needs dense bone to be able to hold all our weight |
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What is endochondral bone and what are the membranes?
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Endochondral is the forming of Hyaline cartilage
Ossification- to make bone out of cartilage- -- osteoblast- product new bone -- osteocast- to eat the middle of the bone to make room for the bone marrow in the diaphysis 1 primary ossification center- diaphysis 2 secondary ossification cente- epiphysis |
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What are 2 factors of bone remodeling?
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1- calcium available
2- bone usage |
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What is osteoporosis?
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Bone loss
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How do you prevent osteoprosis?
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Diet and exercise are 2 ways to prevent osteoprosis.
Estrogen also prevents it. This is why women who go through menopause have a higher risk of having osteoprosis. |
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What is a communited fracture?
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when the bone breaks into more than 2 bones
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What is a spiral fracture?
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a fracture when the bone breaks in a s shape, from a twisting motion
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What is a greenstick fracture?
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a fracture that doesnt break the bone competely through.
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What is a compound fracture?
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A fracture that breaks the skin and the bone is penetrating out
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What is a open fracture?
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When the bone is sticking out of the skin.
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What is a simple fracture?
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When the bone breaks but doesnt penatrates the skin
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What is Closed fracture?
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When the bone doesnt break the skin
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What is the 4 steps of bone healing?
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1. Blood clots- hematoma
2. Fibro- cartilage fills in the gaps 3. Boney callous forms around the break which is osteoblast. 6 wks to go to this point 4. Bone remodeling- this process can take years. This is when the osteoclast eat the bones and the boney callous smooths out and becomes smaller |
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What is Calcitriol?
What is the function? |
Calcitriol is vitamin D
made in skin, liver, and kidney function is to absorb calcium from the GI tract to blood stream |
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What is Calcitonn?
What is the function? |
made in the thyroid
function is to decreas blood calcium and increase bone calcium osteoblast cells |
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What is parathyroid hormone?
What is the function? |
made in the parathyoid gland
function is to increase blood calcium and decrease bone calcium |
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What is kyphosis?
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when the verterbra looe bone and becomes compressed which causes the spine to be deformed.
Also known as widow peak |
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Why are women at greater rick for osteoporosis especially after menopause?
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Women are at greater risk of osteoporosis because they have less bone density. Estrogen inhibits osteoclast so this is why after menopause woen are at a great risk of osteoporosis
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What joint doesn't move or moves very little?
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Synarthrotic
sutures |
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What joint moves some?
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Amphiarthrotic
rib joints, sternum |
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What joint moves freely?
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Diarhrotic
knee, hip, shoulder |
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Synarthroses & Amphiathroses are made up with what kind joints?
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Fibrous joints- which are made of collagen
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Synarthroses & Amphiathroses are made of what kind of joints?
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Cartilaginous joints- which are filled with cartilage
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Diarthrotic are made of what kind of joints?
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Snovial joints- which are made of cartilage and snovial fluid.
knee, hip |
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What are the 5 parts of a synovial joint?
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Articular Cartilage- around the ends of the bone on the outside
Synovial membrane- a membrane placed between the two bones Synovial fluid-fluid with in the synovial membrane Articular capsule- a capsule that surounds the entire bone structure. Ligaments/tendons- these connect the bones together |
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What is a disease that is associated with tendons?
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Bursitis- inflammation of the Bursea
Tendonitis- inflammation of the tendons |
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In what location of the skin are the pain receptors?
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Dermis or the Hypodermis
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What cell type produces melanin?
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Melanocyte
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Which sweat gln produces sweat all over the body?
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Eccrine
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Name the immune cells that are found in the epidermis of the skin?
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Dendritic ells
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What is the name of the "rule" that is used to estimate he severity of a burn?
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Rule of 9's
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This word desrices the production of blood cells by th bone marrow.
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Hematopeoisis
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What does the "B" stand for in te ABCDE of melanoma?
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Border
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What i the location of the secondary ossification center?
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Epiphysis
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Other than calcium, what is necessary for a bone to grow in width?
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Bone usage
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Assume you have low blood calcium level. Descibe how your body would raise your blood calcium in full sentences. Include the hormone involvved, the gland that makes the hormone and the bone cell that is involved in the process.
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Your body would us the parathyroid from the parathyroid gland. This will decrease the calcium in the bone and increase the calicum in the blood. This is using osteoclast cells.
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How is spongy stbone different than compact bone?
What is the purpose of the difference? |
Spongy bone has traebulae because they criss cross the epiphysis toallow support for angular movement Compact bone are more dense so they can support your entire weight load
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In what order do the layers of the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis go.
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stratum corneum
stratum lucidum stratum granulosom stratum spinosum stratum basale papillary layer reticular layer hypodermis |
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List what layer in the epidermis that undergoes mitosis?
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Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum |
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Which pigment gives skin a orange color?
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Carotene
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Which sweat gland produces sweat only in the axilla and genital regions?
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apocine
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What is the most immediate concern and potential cause of death after a severe burn?
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dehydration or low blood pressure
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What type of skin cancer orginates from the stratum spinosum?
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Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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What type of cartilage that is present in the bone when healing a fracture?
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Fibro-cartilage
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List the term that describes cartilage being formed in the bone?
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Ossification
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Assume you have elevated blood calcium level. Describe how your body wold lower the bood calcium in full sentences. Include in your answer the hormone involved, the gland that makes the hormone and th bone cell that is involved in th process?
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The boyd would produce calcitonin to lower the blood calcium level. The hormone is produced in the thyroid gland, and the bone cell being used is osteoblast to build bone wit the calcium from the blood.
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