A & P Endocrine System

Front 1

What is the endocrine system?

Back 1

Complex message and control system. Exerts a regulatory effect on various metabolic functions.

Front 2

How does it work?

Back 2

Through endocrine glands the edocrine system releases hormones into the bloodstream. Each gland releases one or more hormones. Each hormone has a specific effect on some organ, tissue or process.

Front 3

What are the major endocrine glands?

Back 3

-Pituitary,
-Thyroid and parathyroid glands
-Adrenal cortex and medulla
-Pancreas
-Thymus
-Pineal Gland
-Reproductive Glands
(Ovaries and testes)

Front 4

What are hormones?

Back 4

Hormones are manufactured from amino acids or cholesterol. They are transported around the body and bind with receptors on the target tissues. The target tissue then carries out the task to which it has been requested to perform.

Front 5

What are the two types of hormones?

Back 5

-Steroid hormones
-Manufactured by endocrine cells from cholesterol
Include cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone
-Nonsteroid hormones
-Synthesized primarily from amino acids
Include insulin, parathyroid hormone, and others

-Each hormone may affect a specific organ or tissue or may have a general effect on the entire body

Front 6

How is hormone secretion regulated?

Back 6

All hormones operate within
feedback systems to maintain an optimal internal environment
-Negative feedback
-Positive feedback

Front 7

What is a hormone?

Back 7

Protein secreated by a gland to regulate body function.

Front 8

Discuss the pituitary gland?

Back 8

Known as the master gland. It is located at the base of the brain in the cranial cavity. It secretes hormones that regulate the function of many other glands in the body.

Front 9

What regulates the pituitary gland?

Back 9

The hypothalamus, the basal portion of the diencephalon. Compounds called releasing factors or inhibiting factors travel from the hypothalamus to the PG.

Front 10

What are the interactions between the two referred to?

Back 10

The hypothalmic-pituitary axis.

Front 11

What is the pituitary gland divided into?

Back 11

The Anterior and Posterior pituitary gland.

Front 12

What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland produce and what tissues to they effect and how?

Back 12

Anterior pituitary gland
=Growth Hormone (targets) Bones & soft tissue (effects) promotes growth of all tissue
=Prolactin (targets) Mammary glands (effects) Stimulates milk production
=Thyroid-stimulating hormone (targets) Thyroid gland (effects) stimulates thyroid gland
=Adrenocorticotropic hormone (targets) Adrenal cortex (effects) Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol
=Follicle stimulating hormone (targets) Gonads (ovaries & testes) (effects) Stimulates the development of ova and sperm, also stimulates the secretion of estrogen in women
=Luteinizing hormone (targets) Gonads (ovaries & testes) (effects) Causes ovulation, stimulates the secretion of progesterone in women and testosterone in men

Front 13

What hormones does the Posterior pituitary gland produce?

Back 13

=Antidiuretic hormone (targets) Kidneys and blood vessels (effects) stimulates water reabsorption by the kidneys and constricts blood vessels
=Oxytocin (targets) Uterus & mammary glands (effects) Contracts uterine muscle during labour and releases milk

Front 14

What hormones does the thyroid gland produce?

Back 14

=Thyroid hormones (T3 & T4) (targets) All tissues (effects) Stimulates metabolic rate, and regulates growth and development
=Calcitonin (targets) Bones & kidneys (effects) Favors bone formation and lowers blood calcium

Front 15

What hormones does the parathyroid gland secrete?

Back 15

Parathyroid hormone (targets) Bones, kidneys & intestine (effects) bone resorption, raises blood calcium.

Front 16

What hormones does the Adrenal gland (medulla)secrete?

Back 16

Epinephrine (targets) many tissues especially the heart & blood vessels (effects) Fight or Flight response, helps increase blood glucose levels.

Front 17

What hormones does the Pancreas secrete?

Back 17

=Glucagon (targets) Liver, muscles, and adipose tissue (effects) Raises blood glucose
=Insulin (targets) Liver, muscles, and adipose tissue (effects) Regulates metabolism of carbs, fats, and proteins. Lowers blood glucose.

Front 18

What hormones do the Gonads (ovaries) produce?

Back 18

=Estrogen & progesterone (targets) Sex organs, skin, bones and muscle (effects) Stimulates the development of ova and development of female sex characteristics

Front 19

What hormones do the Gonads (testes) produce?

Back 19

=Testosterone (targets) Sex organs, skin and muscle (effects) Stimulates the development of sperm and development of males sex characteristics

Front 20

What does the pineal gland secrete?

Back 20

Melatonin (targets) Various tissues (effects) biological clock

Front 21

What does the Thyroid gland do?

Back 21

The thyroid gland sits at the base of the neck and manufactures and secretes hormones that influence growth, development and metabolism. The t3 and t4 hormones produced are essential for normal growth and development in children and an inportant role in body metabolism.

Front 22

What does the pancreas do?

Back 22

The pancreas is an organ of both the endocrine and digestive system. In the endocrine system the pancreas produces the hormones insulin and glucagon.

Front 23

What do insulin and glucagon do?

Back 23

These hormones are vital in control of the body's metabolism and blood sugar level.

Front 24

Where are these hormones produced?

Back 24

Insulin and glucagon are produced in specialized groups of cells called islets of Langerhans. Within each islet are alpha and beta cells. Alpha cells secrete glucagon and beta cells secrete insulin. The function of the delta cells in unknown.

Front 25

What does insulin do?

Back 25

Insulin causes foodstuffs (sugar, fatty acids and amino acids) to be taken up and metabolized by cells. Insulin also stimulates the storage of unmetabolized food and the conversion of glucose into a long polymer called glycogen. Fatty acids are stored as fat and amino acids are metabolized into proteins or glucose to be used as energy.

Front 26

What does glucagon do?

Back 26

Stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to glucose. Glucagon also stimulates the liver and the kidneys to produce glucose from non-carb molecules. The glucagon activates an enzyme which breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids an glycerol. These can be metabolized further or coverted to ketones.

Front 27

What happens in diabetic ketoacidosis?

Back 27

Increased plasma glucagon concentrations and unoposed glucagon activity can lead to excessive production of ketones resulting in possible harm to the patient.

Front 28

What are the adrenal glands and where are they located?

Back 28

They are located on the top of each kidney. The adrenal gland manufactures some sex hormones as well as hormones that are vital in maintaining the bodys water and salt balance. In times of stress the adrenal glands produce adrenaline (epinephrine) for the fight or flight response.

Front 29

Which portion of the adrenal gland produces epinephrine and norepinephrine?

Back 29

The medulla produces epinephrine and norepinephrine, these are the catecholamines.

Front 30

List the hormones of the adenohypophysis, their relation to glucose metabolism?

Back 30

This is the same as the anterior pituitary gland. The main one with relation to glucose is Growth Hormone which any of several related hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis that directly influence protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism and control the rate of skeletal and visceral growth.