A & P - Clinical Terms

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a word formed from the initial letters of the successive parts of a compound term

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acronym

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name of a disease, structure, operation or procedure that is based on the name of an individual, usually the person who discovered or described it first

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eponym

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presence of a disease within a given population at all times

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endemic

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a sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a given population

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epidemic

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occurring over a large geographic area; a widespread epidemic

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pandemic

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a disorder in which there are no detectable physical changes to explain the symptoms

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functional disorder

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a disease accompanied by pathological physical changes that explain the symptoms

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organic disorder

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evidence of a disease, such as fever, that can be observed, measured or evaluated by someone other than the patient

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sign

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evidence of disease, such as pain or headache, that can only be observed or evaluated by the patient

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symptom

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a combination of signs and symptoms occurring together that characterize a specific disease

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syndrome

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study of the causes of disease

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etiology

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identification of a disease; determination of the cause and nature of a disease

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diagnosis

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prediction of the course of a disease and the recovery rate

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prognosis

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partial or complete disappearance of the symptoms of a disease without achieving a cure

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remission

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a disease that has a sudden onset, severe symptoms and a short duration

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acute disease

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a disease that continues over a long time, showing little change in symptoms

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chronic disease

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an unintended adverse condition in a patient resulting from medical treatment

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latrogenic illness

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an illness that occurs without any known cause

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idiopathic disorder

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an illness caused by pathogenic organism

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infectious disease

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an infection acquired from the place of treatment

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nosocomial infection

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Absence of hydrochloric acid in gastric secretions

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Achlorhydria

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Process of providing nutrients or nutrition for the body

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Alimentation

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Inadequate food intake

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Undernutrition

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Condition in which there is deficiency in both protein and calorie intake

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Marasmus

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Condition in which protein intake is deficient despite normal or nearly normal calorie intake

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Kwashiorkor

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A group of disorders in which there is subnormal absorption of dietary constituents and thus excessive loss of nonabsorbed substances in the bowel

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Malabsorption Syndrome

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Condition in which the ingestion of gluten destroys the villi of the small intestine resulting in a malabsorption of nutrients

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Celiac Disease

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An excess of one or more vitamins, usually from the consumption of vitamin supplements; may become toxic and deadly

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Hypervitaminosis

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Craving for substances not normally considered nutrients – i.e. dirt

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Pica

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Condition characterized by fluid and electrolyte loss because of profuse perspiration but body temperature remains normal; symptoms include muscle cramps, dizziness, vomiting, low blood pressure and fainting; also called heat prostration

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Heat Exhaustion

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Refers to body temperature of 35 degrees C (95 degrees F) or below

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Hypothermia

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Yellow discoloration of the skin and other tissues caused by excessive bilirubin in the blood

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Jaundice

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Study of cells including their origin, structure, function and pathology

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Cytology

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Any new and abnormal growth; a tumor

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Neoplasm

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Not malignant, not recurring

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Benign

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Tending to become worse and result in death; refers to tumors having the characteristics of invasiveness, anaplasia and metastasis

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Malignant

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Spread of a tumor to a secondary site

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Metastasis

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Loss of differentiation of cells; reversion to a more primitive cel type; characteristic of cancer

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Anaplasia

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Abnormality in development; alteration in size, shape and organization of cells

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Dysplasia

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Abnormal increase in the number of cells resulting from an increase in the frequency of cell division

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Hyperplasia

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Transformation of one cell type into another cell type

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Metaplasia

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Death of cells or groups of cells

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Necrosis

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Deviation from normal

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Anomaly

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Wasting away; a decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ or part

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Atrophy

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Enlargement of an organ attributable to an increase in the size of the individual constituent cells

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Hypertrophy

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An agent that causes cancer; known carcinogens include chemicals and drugs, radiation and viruses

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Carcinogen

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An abnormal condition that is present at birth and continues to exist from the time of birth

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Congenital disorder

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Condition or disease that is caused by a defective gene and may appear at any time in life; also called hereditary disorder

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Genetic disorder

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Branch of microscopic anatomy that studies tissues

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Histology

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Branch of medicine that studies the essential nature of disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues

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Pathology

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Removal and microscopic examination of body tissue

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Biopsy

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Abnormal joining of tissues by fibrous scar tissue

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Adhesion

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Benign tumor derived from fat cells

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Lipoma

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Benign tumor formed of muscle tissue

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Myoma

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Benign epithelial tumor; may occur on any epithelial surface or lining

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Papilloma

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A malignant growth derived from epithelial cells

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Carcinoma

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A malignant growth derived from connective tissue cells

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Sarcoma

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A congenital disorder of connective tissue characterized by abnormal length of the extremities and cardiovascular abnormalities

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Marfan syndrome

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Chronic autoimmune connective tissue disease characterized by injury to skin, joints, kidneys, nervous system and mucous membranes but can affect any organ of the but

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Systemic lupus erythematosus

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A condition caused by a deficiency of vitamin C in the diet which results in abnormal collagen synthesis

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Scurvy

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Absence of hair from skin areas where it normally grows; baldness; may be hereditary or be a result of disease, injury, or chemotherapy, or may occur as part of aging

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Alopecia

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Malignant tumor of the basal cell layer of the epidermis; most common form of skin cancer and usually grows slowly

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Basal cell carcinoma

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Cancerous growth composed of melanocytes; often arises in preexisting mole; an alarming increase in the prevalence of malignant melanoma is attributed to excessive exposure to sunlight

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Malignant melanoma

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Inflammation of the skin

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Dermatitis

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Infection of connective tissue with severe inflammation of the dermis and subcutaneous layers of the skin

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Cellulitis

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An inflammatory skin disease with red, itching, vesicular lesions that may crust over; common allergic reaction, but may occur without any obvious cause

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Eczema

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A slough produced by a burn or gangrene

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Eschar

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Superficial skin infection caused by staphylococcal or streptococcal bacteria and characterized by vesicles, pustules and crusted-over lesions; most common in children

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Impetigo

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An elevated, pigmented lesion on the skin; commonly called a mole; a dysplastic nevus is mole that does not form properly and may progress to a type of skin cancer

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Nevus

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Nevi (plural)

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Severe itching; one of the most common problems in dermatology; arises as a result of stimulation of nerves in the skin by enzymes released in allergic reactions or by other irritating substances

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Pruritus

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Allergic transient skin eruptions characterized by elevated lesions called wheals; often accompanied by severe itching and burning; also called hives

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Urticaria

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Epidermal growth on the skin caused by a virus; plantar warts occur on the soles of the feet, juvenile warts occur on the hands and face of children and venereal warts occur in the genital area

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Wart

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A pigmentary and atrophic inherited disease of the skin and eyes that is characterized by vascular lesions, excessive freckling, keratinous growths, carcinoma, photophobia, ocular opacities and tumors; involves defect in the enzymes active in the repair of DNA damaged by ultraviolet light

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Xeroderma pigmentosum