A & P Chpt 3

Front 1

Cell Theory

Back 1

-cells are the building blocks of all plants and animals
-all cells come from the division of preexisting cells
-cells are the smallest unit that perform all vital physiological functions
-each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level

Front 2

Cilia

Back 2

Beat rhythmically to move fluids or secretions across the cell surface

Front 3

Cytosol

Back 3

-The fluid component of cytoplasm
-High K/ low Na
-High protein
-High carbohydrate/low amino acid and fat

Front 4

Interstital fluid

Back 4

watery medium surrounding cell

Front 5

Plasma Membrane: Functions

Back 5

physical isolation, regulation of exchange w/environment,
sensitivity to environment, structural support

Front 6

Plasma Membrane: Lipids

Back 6

-double layer of phospholipid molecules
-hydrophilic heads point toward watery environment
-hydrophobic tails inside membrane

Front 7

Plasma Membrane: Proteins Types

Back 7

-Integral proteins: w/in membrane
-Peripheral Proteins: bound to inner or outer surface of the membrane

Front 8

Plasma membrane: Membrane proteins

Back 8

-anchoring
-recognition
-enzymes
-receptor
-carrier
-channels

Front 9

Nonmembranous Organelles

Back 9

cytoskeleton, microvilli,centrioles,cilia, ribosomes, proteasomes

Front 10

Membranous Organelles

Back 10

-covered with plasma membrane
-isolated from cytosol
-ER, Golgi, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria

Front 11

Microvilli

Back 11

Increase surface area of the cell and enhance its ability to absorb materials from extracellular fluid

Front 12

Ribosomes

Back 12

-build polypeptieds in protein synthesis
-free ribosomes manufacture proteins for the cell itself
-Fixed ribosomes moved out of the cell

Front 13

Smooth ER

Back 13

Synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates

Front 14

Rough ER

Back 14

Modifies and packages newly synthesized proteins;
-protein and glycoprotein synthesis
-folds polypeptides protein structure
-encloses products in transport vesicles

Front 15

Golgi Apparatus

Back 15

Modify and package products for exocytosis; carry enzymes to cytosol

Front 16

Lysosomes

Back 16

Breakdown of organic compounds and damaged organelles or pathogens; move enzymes w/in the cell.

Front 17

Peroxisome

Back 17

breakdown fatty acids, organic compounds; produce hydrogen peroxide; replicate by division

Front 18

Routes of bulk transport

Back 18

Exocytosis- leaving the cell
Endocytosis- entering the cell
Phagocytosis- engulf cell

Front 19

Mitochondria

Back 19

Take chemical energy from food (glucose) and produce ATP

Front 20

Nucleus

Back 20

Control of metabolism, storage & processing of genetic information, control protein synthesis; largest organelle

Front 21

Nuclear Envelope

Back 21

double membrane around the nucleus

Front 22

Nuclear pores

Back 22

passageways where chemical communication between the nucleus and cytosol take place; regulate movement of ions and molecules

Front 23

Nucleolus

Back 23

synthesize rRNA, assemble the ribosomal subunits, made of RNA, enzymes, and histones

Front 24

Chromatin

Back 24

Loosely coiled DNA (cells not dividing)

Front 25

Chromosomes

Back 25

tightly coiled DNA (cells dividing)

Front 26

Gene

Back 26

DNA instruction for one protein

Front 27

DNA

Back 27

instructions for every protein in the body

Front 28

Genetic code

Back 28

the chemical language of DNA instructions; ATCG

Front 29

Transcription

Back 29

Copies instructions from DNA to mRNA (in nucleus)

Front 30

Translation

Back 30

Ribosome reads code from mRNA; assemble amino acids into polypeptide chain

Front 31

Active transport

Back 31

requires ATP

Front 32

Passive transport

Back 32

No energy required; molecules move from an aread of higher concentration to one of lower concentration

Front 33

Diffusion

Back 33

movement of solute from a high concentration to a low concentration; Passive process.

Front 34

Osmosis

Back 34

movement of solvent from a solution w/ a lower solute concentration to a solution with a higher solute concentration through a selectively permable layer

Front 35

Tonicity

Back 35

the osmotic effect of a solute on a cell

Front 36

Hypotonic

Back 36

-has less solutes and loses water through osmosis
-a cell in a hypotonic solution gains water, ruptures

Front 37

Hypertonic

Back 37

-has more solutes and gains water by osmosis
-a cell in a hypertonic solution loses water, shrinks

Front 38

Isotonic

Back 38

a solution that does not cause osmotic flow of water in or out of a cell

Front 39

Interphase

Back 39

-Non dividing period
-G0- specialized cell functions only
-G1- cell growth, organelle duplication, protein syntheis
-S- DNA replication and histone synthesis
-G2- finishes protein synthesis and centriole replication

Front 40

Mitosis

Back 40

Divides duplicated DNA into two sets of chromosomes

Front 41

PROPHASE

Back 41

-nucleoli disappear
-centriole pairs move to cell poles
-microtubules extend between centriole pairs
-Nuclear envelope disappears
-spindle fibers attach to kinetochore

Front 42

METAPHASE

Back 42

-chromosomes align in a central plane (metaphase plate)

Front 43

ANAPHASE

Back 43

-microtubules pull chromosomes apart
-daughter chromosomes group near centrioles
-cytokinesis begins

Front 44

TELOPHASE

Back 44

-nuclear membranes reform
-chromosomes uncoil
-nucleoli reappear
-cell has 2 complete nuclei

Front 45

Cytokinesis

Back 45

Division of cytoplasm

Front 46

Tumor

Back 46

enlarged mass of cells

Front 47

Benign tumor

Back 47

contained; not life threatening

Front 48

Malignant tumor

Back 48

spreads into surrounding tissues; starts new tumors (metastasis)