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206 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are lipids composed of?
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fat and contain elements
1. C 2. H 3. O |
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What is ATP
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energy in cells,
Adenosine with 2 phosphate groups attached |
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What are the 4 classes of Lipids?
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1. Fatty Acid (saturated, mono, poly
2. Steroids-cholestral (hormones) 3.Phospholipids-cell membrane 4. Fats-saturated |
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What are 6 functions of proteins?
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1. support
2. movement 3. transport 4. antibodies 5. enzymes 6. hormones |
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What are Amino Acids?
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(20) building blocks of proteins & the end product of protein digestion
-contains elements C, H, O, N |
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What is a peptide bond?
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Bond holding Amino Acids together, if a molecule consists of 2 amino acids,dipeptide
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What is Denature?
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Chemical structure
can be altered, when denatured, will not function as well |
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What does DNA do?
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Controls order of protein, buiding blocks of nucleic acids
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What are the characteristics of DNA?
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2 strands, nucleus, nucleotide, phosphate, sugar (dexy)
4 Nitrogen Bases 1.cytosine 2. guamine 3. THYMINE 4. adenine thymine is not in RNA |
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What are nucleotides?
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Building blocks of nucleic acids
1. phospate 2.sugar 3.nitrogen base |
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What is RNA?
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1 strand, nucleus/CYTOPLASM, nucleotide,phosphate,sugar(ribose)
4 nitrogen bases 1. cytosine 2. guamine 3. URACIL 4. adenine uracil and cytoplasm are not in DNA |
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What does hydrogen bonding do?
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holds strands together, weak
ex: attraction of water molecules @ a free surface |
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What fat contains C, H, & O
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Lipids
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What is the energy in cells?
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ATP
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Fatty acids, steroids, fats and phospholipids are classes of what?
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Lipids
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Support, movement, transport, enzymes, antibodies and hormones are what type of function?
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Protein
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What are the building blocks of protein?
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(20) Amino Acids
C, H, O, N |
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Amino acids are held together with what type of bond?
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Peptide bond
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What causes a chemical structure not to function as well as it could?
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denature
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What controls the order of protein?
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DNA
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What nitrogen base makes DNA different from RNA?
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Thymine
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What makes nucleic acids?
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Nucleotides
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What is a sugar, phosphate and a nitrogen base?
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Nucleotides
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What is cytoplasm a characterisic of?
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RNA
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What is uracil a chacteristic of?
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RNA
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How are strands held together?
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Hydrogen Bonding, weak interaction between H atom on 1 molecule & a negatively charged portion of another
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Energy, Protection, Insulation, Hormones, Support and cell membrane are functions of what?
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Lipids
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What are the 4 classes of lipids?
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1. Fats-triglycerides-energy
2. Steroids-cholesterol-sex sex hormones 3. Fatty Acids 4. Phospholipids-cell membranes |
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What are the 4 classes of lipids?
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1. Fats-triglycerides-energy
2. Steroids-cholesterol-sex sex hormones 3.Fatty Acids |
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What are the 4 classes of lipids?
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1. Fatty Acids-saturated
2. Fats-triglycerides 3. Steroids-sex hormones 4. Phospholipids-cell membranes |
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Basic Functions of all living organisms.
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1. Responsiveness
Organisms respond to changes in their immediate enviroment. 2. Growth Organisms increase in size through growth of cells 3. Reproduction Organisms reproduceand create similar organisms. 4. Metabolism Organisms rely on complex chemical reactions to provide energy 5. Movement Organism are capable of producing movement, transporting food or blood |
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Gross Anatomy
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Study of form and structure
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What is Microscopic Anatomy?
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Concerns structures that can not be seen w/out magnification
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Physiology
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Study of how living organisms perform vital functions
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What are the levels of organization?
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1. Chemical
Elements: C, H, O, N, P Molecular level 2. Cellular Elements combine to form chemical structures, cellular structures & or function 3. Tissue Cells functioning together 4. Organ level Tissues working together ex:small intestine 5.Organ system level Organs working together ex: urinary system-2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 bladder, 1 urethra 6. Organism level All organ systems of the body work together to maintain life |
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What is Homeostatis?
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Balance, Stable enviroment
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What occurs if balance is not maintained?
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Homeostatic Imbalance, disease or condition
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What does Homeostatis involve?
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1. RECEPTOR that is sensitive to a particular envormental change
2. CONTROL CENTER-recieves and processes information from the receptor 3. EFFECTOR-Responds to demands to commands from of the control center |
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What is negative feedback?
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A variation outside normal limits triggers an automatic response that corrects the situation.
ex: thermostat, temperture rises and falls, triggers an automatic response |
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What is positive feedback?
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The initial stimulus produces a response that reinforces the stimulus.
ex: cut finger triggers blood clotting |
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Forehead
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Frontal
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Eye
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orbital, ocular
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cheek
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buccal
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ear
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otic
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nasus
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nose, or nasal
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cervicis
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neck, cervical
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Mamma
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breast, or mammary
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Abdomen
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abdominal
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umbilicus
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navel
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pelvis
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pelvic
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manus
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hand
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groin
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inguinal
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pubis
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pubic
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thigh
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fermoral
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pes
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front of foot
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Hallux
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great toe
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digits
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toes
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leg
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crural
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patella
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kneecap
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palm
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palmer
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carpus
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wrist
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antebrachium
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forearm
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antecubitis
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font of elbow
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brachium
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upper arm
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axilla
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armpit
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Mentis
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chin
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oris
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mouth
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face
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facial
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cranium
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skull
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cephalon
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head
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shoulder
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acromial
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dorsum
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back
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olecranon
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back of elbow
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loin
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lumbar
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gluteus
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buttock
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popliteus
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back of knee
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calf
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sural
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calcaneus
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heel of foot
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planta
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sole of foot
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Anatomical regions
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RIght hypochondriac region, Epigastric Region, Left Hypochondriac, RIght Lumbar Region, Umbilical Region, Left Lumbar Region, Right Inguinal Region, Hypogastric Region, Left Inguinal Region
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Anterior
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Front, before
The navel is on the anterior surface of the trunk. |
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Ventral
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Belly side, same as anterior
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Posterior
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back, behind
The shoulder blade is located posterior to the rib cage. |
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Dorsal
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The back, same as posterior
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Cranial, or Cephalic
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head
The cranial border of the pelvis is surperior to the thigh. |
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Surperior
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Above
The nose is superior to the chhin. |
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Caudal
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The tail, Coccyx
The hips are caudal to the waist. |
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Inferior
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Below,
The knees are inferior to the to the hips. |
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Medial
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Towards the body's longitudinal axis
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Lateral
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Away from the body's longitudinal axis.
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Proximal
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Toward an attached base.
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Distal
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Away from an attached base.
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Superficial
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close to body surface
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Deep
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Further fom body surface
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Functions of Body cavities
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1. Protect organs
2 Permit changes in size and shape |
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What is contained in the ventral cavity?
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Surrounds developing respiratory, cardio, vascular, digestive, urinary & reproductive organs
Contains the Thoratic & Abdominopelvic cavity |
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What body cavity is inferior to the diaphram?
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Abdominopelvic (peritoneal) cavity
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What divides the ventral body cavity into surperior thoracic & inferior abdominopelvic cavites?
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Diaphram
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What does the thoracic cavity contain?
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2 Pleural cavities, each contains a lung & a pericardial cavity, which surrounds the heart
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What does the abdominalopelvic cavity consist of?
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superior abdominal cavity & an inferior pelvic cavity, the pelvic cavity contains the peritoneal cavity
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What is the peritoneum?
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Serous memebrane lining the perioneal cavity
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What does the ventral body cavity contain?
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Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
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What does the thoracic cavity contain?
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heart and lungs
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What does the abdominopelvic cavity contain?
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stomach and intestines
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What is the region between the 2 pleural cavities?
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mediastinum
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Types of energy
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Kinetic energy-energy in motion ex: fall off ladder, kinetic energy does the damage
Potential Energy-stored energy, ex: streched spring |
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What is matter?
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Anything that takes up space and has mass.
1. solids, 2. liqueds, 3. gases |
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What is an atom?
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Smallest unit stable unit of matter
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What is the atomic structure of an atom?
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Protons, Neutrons & electrons
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What is the atomic #?
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# of protons in an atom
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Oxygen
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O-oxygen gas is essential for respiration
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Carbon
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C-found in all organic molecules
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Hydrogen
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H-component of water and other compounds in the body
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Calcium
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Ca-Found in bones and teeth
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Phosphorus
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P-found in bones and teeth
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Potassium
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K-Important for membrane function
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Sodium
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Na-important for memebrane function
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Chlorine
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Cl-important for membrane function and water absorption
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Magnesium
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Mg-required for activation of enzymes
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Sulfur
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S-found in proteins
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Iron
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Fe-essential for O transport
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Iodine
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I-component of of hormones
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What is atomic weight?
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# of protons and neutrons
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What is atomic #?
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# of protons
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How many electrons in each orbital shell?
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1st shell-2 e
2nd shell-8e 3rd shell-leftover |
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What is an Ionic bond?
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Chemical bonds created by the electrical attraction between anions & cations.
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What is a covalent bond?
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Chemical bonds, sharing one pair of electrons creates a single covalent bond, 2 pairs forms adouble covalent bond, strong bond, shared electrons tie atoms together
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What is a non-polar bond?
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Non-polar covalent bonds share electrons equally, make up most of the structural components of the body
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What is a polar bond?
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Polar convalent bonds have an unequal sharing of electrons, forms a polar molecule because one pole has a slight negative charge, & the other slight positive
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What is a Hydrogen bond?
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Attraction between a slight positive charge on the H atom of one polar covalent bond and a weak negative charge on n atom of of another polar covalent bond
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Types of Chemical Reactions
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1. Decomposition reaction
breaks molecules into smaller fragments, catabolism ex:digestion 2. Synthesis Reaction opposite of decomp, synthesis reactions assembles larger molecules from smaller components, anabolism 3. Exchange Reaction Parts of reacting molecules are shuffled around |
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Factors effecting chemical reactions.
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1. Temperture-enzyme becomes denatured
2. Concentration 3. Size of molecule-smaller is faster 4. Enzymes- biological catalyst, funtional protein, speed up chemical reaction, specific only w/certain molecules, lower the energy of activation, doesn't get used up, can be used over and over again |
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Inorganic Compounds
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NO Carbon
1. Water- Properties of high heat capacity, evaporation/cooling 2. Salts-electrolytes 3. Acids-donate H ion or proton 4. Base-accepts H ion |
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What is the pH scale?
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0-14, lower scale, more acid, 7 neutral,
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What is a buffer?
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Weak acids/weak bases that resist small changes in the pH of a solution (6-7) acid
(7-8) base |
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What do organic compounds always contain?
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Carbon, Hydrogren and generally Oxygen
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Carbohydrates
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C,H,O 1:2:1
source of energy 3 Major types 1.Monosaccharide-glucose 2.Dissaccharide-sucrose 3.Polysaccarides-starch, glycogen |
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RNA
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1 strand, nucleus, CYTOPLASM, nucleotide, phosphate & ribose(sugar)
4 Nitrogen Bases 1. Cytosine 2. Guanine 3. URACIL 4. Adenine RIBONUCLEIC ACID |
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DNA
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2 strands, nucleus, nucleotide, phospate, (dexyribose)
4 Nitrogen Bases 1.Cytosine 2.Guamine 3.THYMINE 4. Adenine |
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Cell membrane
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6mm-10mm
contains Lipids Proteins Carbohydrates |
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Functions & structures cell membrane
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1. Phyiscal Isolation-cell membrane is a phyiscal barrier separating inside of cell from surrounding extra cellular fluid, must be maintained to preserve homeostatis
2. Regulation of exchange-w/the enviroment the cell membrane controls entry of ions & nutrients, elimination of wastes & release of secreations 3. Sensitivity-The cell membrane is the 1st part of the cell affected by changes in the extra cellular fluid. It also contains receptors that enable the cell to recognize & respond to specific molecules in it's enviroment 4. Structural Support-gives tissues a stable structure |
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What is Diffusion?
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Passive process of membrane transport, movement of material from an area where concentration is high to an area where concentration is lower, diffusion occurs when the concentration gradient is eliminated
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What is osmosis?
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Passive process of membrane transport, type of diffusion, the diffusion of water across the membrane in response to differences in concentration,the force of movement is osmotic pressure, solutes ability to draw/pull water through selective permeable membrane
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What is passive transport?
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No APT is used, kenetic energy
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What is filtration?
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Passive Process of Membrane movement, movement of water & dissolved substances through selective permeable membrane ex: making coffee w/filter
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What is tonicity?
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Amount of Solute in a solution
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Isotonic
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equal solutes to water
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Hypotonic
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low solutes, high water
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Hypertonic
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high solutes/low water, pulls water out of cell
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What is carrier-mediated transport?
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Membrane proteins bind ions or organic substancesand carry them across the cell membrane, can be passive or active(ATP dependent)
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What is facilated diffusion?
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Carrier-mediated transport, compounds can be passively transported across the membrane by carrier proteins, molecule binds to receptor site on protein, shape changes, moves molecule to inside of cell memebrane, released into cytoplasm
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virus
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DNA, or RNA based, makes proteins, changes glycocalyx
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What is active transport?
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High energy bond in ATP provides energy needed to move ions, or molecules across membrane, not dependent on concentration gradient,
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Leaky channel proteins
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water, Ns, Cl
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Gated channel proteins
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water, K, Na, Ca
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What is bulk transport?
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Uses vesicules (lipid)
1.endocytosis(importing) 2. exocytosis(exporting) Active process |
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Whats are vescicules?
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From golgi, bi-lipids
ex: WBC eat bacteria, wraps around to eat, enclosed by vesicule in bilipid structures, enzymes attack and destroy |
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What are cellular extensions?
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Micro villi-increase surface area
Flagella-Large cilia, provides movement ex:sperm |
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Golgi apparatus
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Membranous organelle-flattened membranes with chambers, packages substance for export, produces lyosomes, intercellular transport
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Lyosomes
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membranous organelle, circular, have digestive enzymes from golgi
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mitachrondria
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Membranous organelle, double membrane w/inner folds, produces 95% of ATP required by cell
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centrioles
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Membranous organelle, ribbed tubes, microtubles, spindle fibers, mitosis
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peroxisoses
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Membranous organelle, round, vesicules containing digestive enzymes
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Nucleus
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Largest organelle, bilipid, has nuclear envelope, RNA moves through pores, DNA, chromatin
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Endoplasmic reticulum
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Membranous organelle, smooth-no ribosomes, rough-attached ribosomes, protein synthesis,
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What are ribosomes?
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non-membranous organelle, RNA & proteins, synthesize proteins
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Cytoskeleton
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Microtubule/Microfilament, non-membranous organelle, provide strength & support
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Proteasomes
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Non-membranous organelle, cylindrical structures, break down and recycle intecellular proteins
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Nucleolus
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In middle of nucleus, contains DNA & RNA
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What is protein synthesis?
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1.Transcription-in nucleus, RNA copier DNA
2. Translation-in cytoplasm, RNA dictates order of amino acids to form enzymes |
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What is Interphase?
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Resting, Cell growth, chromosomes replicate,protein synthesis
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What is Prophase?
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Nuclear membane disappears, chromatids become visable, spindle fibers appear
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What is Metaphase?
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Sister chromatids align along the equator of cell
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What is Anaphase?
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Chromatids are separated & pulled to opposite poles by spindle fibers
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What is Telophase?
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Cleavage furrow forms, cell pinches in two and divides cytoplasm, nuclear membrane reappears
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What is the final product of mitosis?
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Daughter cell
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What are the 4 tissue types?
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1. Epithelial-covering, skin lining, blood vessels
2.Connective-support, protection, loose(fat) dense(tendon) 3. Cartiledge-Hyaline(trachea), elastic(nose), fibro(vertebal disc), bone, blood, muscle 4.Nervous Tissue-conduct electrical current |
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What does nervous tissue do?
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Conduct electrical currents
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Tendon
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connects muscle to bone
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ligament
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connects bone to bone
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Integumentary System
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Protects against enviromental hazards; helps control body temperature.
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Skeletal System
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Provides support, protects tissues, stores minerals & forms blood.
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Muscular System
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Allows for locomotion, provides support, produces heat.
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Nervous System
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Directs immediate response to stimuli, usually by cooridinating the activities of other organ systems
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Endocrine system
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Directs long term changes in activities of other organ systems.
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Cardiovascular system
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Transports cells & dissolved materials, including nutrients, waste & gases.
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Lympathic system
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Defends against infection & disease, returns tissue fluid to the bloodstream.
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Respiratory System
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Delivers air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood.
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Digestive system
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Processes food & absorbs nutrients
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Urinary System
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Eliminates excess water, salts & waste products.
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Reproductive System
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Produces sex cells and hormones.
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What is a half life?
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Time it takes for an isotope to decay.
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Ion
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Charged particle or element
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positive charge
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cation
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negative charge
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anion
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electrolytes
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Ions, have charge to them
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Intracellular fluid
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cytoplasm/cytosol
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What is the outer membrane of mitochondria?
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Cristane
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What is the main ingrediant in intracellular fluid
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water
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What cells have the most mitrochondria?
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Skeletal muscle
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How is a water molecule formed?
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Polar covalent bond, Hydrogen bond
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What is an acid?
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a solute that releases H in a solution
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What is a base?
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A solute that removes H from a solution
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What are proteins?
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Chains of small organic molecules, amino acids
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What determines chemical properties?
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The # and arrangement of electrons in an atoms outer shell
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6 most abundent elements in the body
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C, H, O, N, C, P
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