A & P Chapter 6

Front 1

Tissues and organs of the skeletal system are composed of...

Back 1

bone, cartilage, and ligaments

Front 2

Define ligaments

Back 2

hold bone to bone at joint

Front 3

Define tendons

Back 3

attach muscles to bone

Front 4

What are bones formed from?

Back 4

cartilage

Front 5

What are the functions of the skeleton?

Back 5

Support, movement, protection of delicate organs, blood formation in marrow, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, detoxification

Front 6

Define osteology

Back 6

the study of bone

Front 7

What are various shapes of bones?

Back 7

flat, long, short, irregular

Front 8

Describe flat bone and give an example..

Back 8

thin, often curved. ribs, sternum, scapula, hip bones

Front 9

Describe long bone and give an example..

Back 9

rigid levers for movement. humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula. produce the major body movements

Front 10

Describe short bone and give an example..

Back 10

glide within joints, equal in length and width. carpals of the wrist, patella

Front 11

Describe irregular bone and give an example..

Back 11

complex shape. vertebrae, sphenoid and ethmoid bones of the skull

Front 12

Describe some features of long bones..

Back 12

compact bone encloses the medullary cavity. covered in periosteum. articular cartilage smooths joints.

Front 13

Describe articular cartilage:

Back 13

at the ends of adjoining bones or joints, there is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage. enables a joint to move smoothly.

Front 14

Where in the bone do you find marrow?

Back 14

in the marrow/medullary cavity. enclosed by compact (dense) bone.

Front 15

In what major bone will you find articular cartilage?

Back 15

femur

Front 16

Define suture and where you would find them?

Back 16

A line along which 2 bones of the skull are joined. are immovable. Ex. coronal suture between frontal and parietal bones

Front 17

What are the 4 types of bone cells?

Back 17

osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

Front 18

Define osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells

Back 18

stem cells, found in endosteum and within central canals. multiply continually and give rise to osteoblasts.

Front 19

Define osteoblasts

Back 19

bone forming cells, synthesize the matrix's organic material and help mineralize the bone.

Front 20

Define osteocytes

Back 20

mature bone cells. live in lacunae. contribute to homeostasis of bone density and blood, strain sensors.

Front 21

Define osteoclasts

Back 21

bone-dissolving macrophages found on bone surfaces

Front 22

What is the bone matrix made of?

Back 22

1/3 organic material: collagen and large protein-carbohydrate complexes

2/3 inorganic material: 85% hydroxyapatite (crystallized calcium phosphate salt)

Front 23

Describe compact bone

Back 23

an osteon (haversion system) is the basic structural unit of compact bone. the osteon consists of concentric lamellae and the central (haversion) canal

Front 24

Describe spongy bone

Back 24

porous appearance, spaces filled with bone marrow. consists of spicules and trabeculae.

Front 25

Define bone marrow

Back 25

soft tissue located in medullary cavities of long bones, spaces within spongy bone, and large central canals within osteons

Front 26

What are the types of marrow?

Back 26

red marrow (myeloid tissue): found in children

yellow marrow: "matured" red marrow, no longer produces blood

Front 27

Where is marrow found in adults?

Back 27

red marrow: skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, parts of pelvic girdle, proximal heads of humerus and femur

yellow marrow: long bones of limbs

Front 28

Define ossification (osteogenesis)

Back 28

bone formation. begins with mesenchyme (embryonic connective tissue)

Front 29

Describe the 2 methods of ossification

Back 29

intramembranous: lifelong, produces flat bones of the skull and most of the clavicle

endochondral: most bones develop this way, from hyaline cartilage model

Front 30

Describe bone elongation

Back 30

bones grow longer at epiphyseal plates, which are made of hyaline cartilage, metaphyses.

Front 31

What is Wolff's law of bone?

Back 31

bone shape is determined by mechanical stress

bone adapts to withstand stress

form follows function

Front 32

Describe nutritional factors affecting bone deposition and resorption

Back 32

calcium and phosphate are needed as raw materials for calcified ground substance of bone.

vitamin A

vitamin C

vitamin D (calcitrol) is necessary for calcium absorption by small intestine and reduces urinary calcium loss

Front 33

What role does growth hormone play in bone deposition and resorption?

Back 33

promotes intestinal absorption of calcium, stimulates growth plates and bone elongation

Front 34

Define and describe osteopenia

Back 34

loss of bone. resorption is faster than deposition. when severe, this develops into osteoporosis

Front 35

What is the difference between a stress fracture and a pathological fracture?

Back 35

stress fractures are breaks caused by abnormal trauma, such as a fall. pathological fractures occur in bone weakened by a disease such as osteoporosis or bone cancer

Front 36

When a fracture is healing should you eat spinach?

Back 36

NO. deprives a bone of the free calcium it needs to heal

Front 37

What is kyphosis

Back 37

"dowagers hump" exaggerated thoracic curvature

Front 38

Who is at highest risk of osteoporosis?

Back 38

post-menopausal white, light-build women. black women have denser bone

Front 39

Define orthopedics

Back 39

branch of medicine that deals with prevention and correction of injuries and disorders of bones, joints, and muscles