A & P Chapter 2 "chemistry Comes Alive"

Front 1

A substance that releases hydrogen ions when in solution (compare with Base); a proton donor

Back 1

Acid

Front 2

State of abnormally high hydrogen concentration in the extracellular fluid

Back 2

Acidosis

Front 3

The amount of energy required to push a reactant to the level necessary for action

Back 3

Activation Energy

Front 4

Region on the surface of a functional (globular) protein where it binds and interacts chemically with other molecules of complementary shape and chage.

Back 4

Active Site

Front 5

One of the two major purines found in both RNA and DNA; also found in various free nucleotides of importance to the body, such as ATP

Back 5

Adenine (A)

Front 6

State of abnormally low hydrogen ion concentration in the extracellular fluid

Back 6

Alkalosis

Front 7

The most common type of secondary structure of the amino acids in proteins; resembles the coils of a telephone cord

Back 7

Alpha-helix

Front 8

Organic Compound containing nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; building block of protein.

Back 8

Amino Acid

Front 9

Common waste product of protein breakdown in the body; a colorless volatile gas, very soluble in water and capable of forming a weak base; a proton acceptor

Back 9

Ammonia (NH3)

Front 10

An ion carrying one or more negative charges and therefore attracted to a positive pole

Back 10

Anion

Front 11

The protein portion of an enzyme.

Back 11

Apoenzyme

Front 12

Smallest particle of an elemental substance that exhibits the properties of that element; composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons

Back 12

Atom

Front 13

The number of protons in an atom

Back 13

Atomic Number

Front 14

The one- or two-letter symbol used to indicate an element; usually the first two letter(s) of the element's name

Back 14

Atomic Symbol

Front 15

The average of the mass numbers of all the isotopes of an element

Back 15

Atomic Weight

Front 16

Organic molecule that stores and releases chemical energy for use in body cells

Back 16

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

Front 17

The number of molecules in one mole of any substance; 6.02x10 to the 23rd

Back 17

Avagadro's Number

Front 18

A substance capable of binding with hydrogen ions; a proton acceptor

Back 18

Base

Front 19

Chemical substance or system that minimizes changes in pH by releasing or binding hydrogen ions

Back 19

Buffer

Front 20

Organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygenl includes starches, sugars, and cellulose

Back 20

Carbohydrate

Front 21

Substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself becoming chemically changed or part of the product

Back 21

Catalyst

Front 22

An ion with a positive charge

Back 22

Cation

Front 23

A fibrous carbohydrate that is the main structural component of plant tissue

Back 23

Cellulose

Front 24

An energy relationship holding atms together; involves the interaction of electrons

Back 24

Chemical Bond

Front 25

Energy stored in the bonds of chemical substances

Back 25

Chemical Energy

Front 26

A state of apparent repose created by two reactions proceeding in opposite directions at equal speed

Back 26

Chemical Equilibrium

Front 27

Process in which molecules are formed, changed, or broken down

Back 27

Chemical Reaction

Front 28

Nonprotein substance associated with and activating enzyme, typically a vitamin

Back 28

Coenzyme

Front 29

Metal ion or organic molecule that is required for enzyme activity

Back 29

Cofactor

Front 30

(1) A mixture in which the solute particles (usually proteins) do not settle out readily. (2) Substance in the thyroid gland containing thyroglobunin protein.

Back 30

Colloid

Front 31

Chemical reaction in which larger, more complex atoms or molecules are formed from simpler ones.

Back 31

Combination (synthesis) reaction

Front 32

Refers to how a given nitrogenous base of DNA or RNA bonds to another nitrogenous base.

Back 32

Complentary Base

Front 33

Substance composed of two or more different elements, the atoms of which are chemically united

Back 33

Compound

Front 34

Chemical bond created by eletron sharing between atoms

Back 34

Covalent bond

Front 35

Nitrogen-containing base that is a part of a nucleotide structure

Back 35

Cytosine (C)

Front 36

Chemical reaction in which a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules or its constituent atoms.

Back 36

Decomposition Reaction

Front 37

Process by which a large molecule is synthesized by removing water and covalently bonding smaller molecules together.

Back 37

Dehydration Synthesis

Front 38

A combination of two amino acids united by means of a peptide bond.

Back 38

Dipeptide

Front 39

Nonsymmetrical molecules that contain electrically unbalanced atoms

Back 39

Dipole (polar molecule)

Front 40

Literally, double sugar; e.g., sucrose, lactose

Back 40

Disaccharide

Front 41

Chemical reaction in which bonds are both made and brooken; atoms become combined with different atoms.

Back 41

Displacement (Exchange) reaction

Front 42

A nucleic acid found in a all living cells; it carries the organism's hereditary information.

Back 42

DNA

Front 43

The secondary structure assumed by two strands of DNA, held together throughout their length by H bonds between bases on opposite strands.

Back 43

Double helix

Front 44

Regions of space that consecutively surround the nucleus of an atom

Back 44

Electon shells (Energy shells)

Front 45

Energy formed by the movement of charged particles across cell membranes

Back 45

Electrical Energy

Front 46

Negatively charged subatomic particle; orbits the atom's nucleus

Back 46

Electron

Front 47

One of a limited number of unique varieties of matter that composes substances of all kinds; e.g., carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Back 47

Element

Front 48

Chemical reaction that absorbs energy, e.g., an anabolic reaction

Back 48

Endergonic reaction

Front 49

The capacity to do work; may be stored (potential) or in action (kinetic).

Back 49

Energy

Front 50

A protein that acts as a biological catalyst to speed up chemical reaction

Back 50

Enzyme

Front 51

Chemical reaction in which bonds are both made and broken; atoms become combined with different atoms.

Back 51

Exchange (displacement) reaction

Front 52

Chemical reaction that releases energy, e.g., a catabolic or oxidative reaction

Back 52

Exergonic Reaction

Front 53

Linear chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms (hydrocarbon chains) with an organic acid group at one end. Constituent of a fat.

Back 53

Fatty Acid

Front 54

A modified simple sugar (a sugar alcohol); a building block of fats

Back 54

Glycerol

Front 55

Main carbohydrate stored in animal cells; a polysaccharide

Back 55

Glycogen

Front 56

One of two major purines occurring in all nucleic acids

Back 56

Guanine (G)

Front 57

Weak bond in which a hydrogen atom forms a bridge between electron-hungry atoms. An important intramolecular bond.

Back 57

Hydrogen Bond

Front 58

A hydrogen atom minus its electron and therefore carrying a positive charge (i.e. a proton)

Back 58

Hydrogen Ion (H+)

Front 59

Process in which water is used to split a substance into smaller particles.

Back 59

Hydrolysis

Front 60

An ion liberated when a hydroxide (a common inorganic base) is dissolved in water.

Back 60

Hydroxyl ion (OH-)

Front 61

Chemical substances that do not contain carbon including water, salts, and many acids and bases.

Back 61

Inorganic Compound

Front 62

Atom with a positive or negative charge

Back 62

Ion

Front 63

Chemical bond formed by electron transfer between atoms

Back 63

Ionic bond

Front 64

One of two or more substances that has the same molecular formula but with its atoms arranged differently

Back 64

Isomer

Front 65

Different atomic forms of the same element, vary only in the number of neutrons they contain; the heavier species tend to be radioactive.

Back 65

Isotopes

Front 66

Excess levels of ketone bodies in blood. Called ketoacidosis if blood pH is low

Back 66

Ketosis

Front 67

The energy of motion or movement, e.g., the constant movement of atoms, or the push given to a swinging door that sets it in motion.

Back 67

Kinetic Energy

Front 68

Organic compound formed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygenl examples are fats and cholesterol.

Back 68

Lipid

Front 69

Large, complex molecules containing from 100 to over 10,000 subunits

Back 69

Macromolecules

Front 70

Sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

Back 70

Mass Number

Front 71

The energy directly involved in moving matter, e.g., Bicycle riding

Back 71

Mechanical Energy

Front 72

A way ot express the concentration of a solution; moles per liter of solution

Back 72

Molarity

Front 73

A _______ of any element or compound is equal to its atomic weight or its molecular weight (sum or atomc weights) measured in grams

Back 73

Mole

Front 74

Particle consisting of two or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds

Back 74

Molecule

Front 75

Consist of fatty acid chains and glycerol; also called triglycerides or triacylglycerols. Commonly known as oils when liquid.

Back 75

Neutral Fats

Front 76

Displacement reaction in which mixing an acid and a base forms water and a salt.

Back 76

Neutralization reation

Front 77

Uncharged subatomic particle; found in the atomic nucleus

Back 77

Neutron

Front 78

Electrically balanced molecules

Back 78

Nonpolar molecules

Front 79

Class of organic molecules that includes DNA and RNA

Back 79

Nucleic Acid

Front 80

Building block of nucleic acids; consists of a sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and a phosphate group.

Back 80

Nucleotide

Front 81

The tendency of atoms to interact in such a way that they have eight electons in their valence shell.

Back 81

Octet Rule (Rule of Eights)

Front 82

Pertaining to carbon containing molecules, such as proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.

Back 82

Organic

Front 83

Any compound composed of atoms (some of which are carbon) held together by covalent (shared electron)bonds

Back 83

Organic Compound

Front 84

Process of substances combining with oxygen or the removal or hydrogen

Back 84

Oxidation

Front 85

A reaction that couples the oxidation (loss of electrons) of one substance with the reduction (gain of electrons) of another substance

Back 85

Oxidation-reduction (Redox) reaction

Front 86

Bond joining the amine group of one amino acid carboxyl group of a second amino acid with the loss of a water molecule

Back 86

Peptide Bond

Front 87

The measure of the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution

Back 87

pH Unit

Front 88

Modified lipid, contains phosphorus

Back 88

Phospholipid

Front 89

Nonsymmetrical molecules that contain electrically unbalanced atoms

Back 89

Polar Molecules

Front 90

A substance of high molecular weight with long, chainlike molecules consisting of many similar (repeated) units.

Back 90

Polymer

Front 91

A chain of amino acids

Back 91

Polypeptide

Front 92

Literally, many sugars; a polmer of linked monosaccharides; starch, glycogen.

Back 92

Polysaccharide

Front 93

Stored or inactive energy

Back 93

Potential Energy

Front 94

Complex substance containing carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen; composes 10-30% of cell mass

Back 94

Protein

Front 95

Subatomic particle that bears a positive charge; located in the atomic nucleus

Back 95

Proton

Front 96

A substance that takes up hydrogen ions in detectable amounts. Commonly referred to as a base.

Back 96

Proton Acceptor

Front 97

A substance that releases hydrogen ions in detectable amounts; an acid

Back 97

Proton Donor

Front 98

The process of spontaneous decay seen in some of the heavier isotopes, during which particles or energy is emitted from the atomic nucleus; results in the atom becoming more stable

Back 98

Radioactivity

Front 99

Isotope that exhibits radioactive behavior

Back 99

Radioisotope

Front 100

A substance taking part in a chemical reaction

Back 100

Reactant

Front 101

Chemical reaction in which electrons and energy are gained by a molecule (often accompanied by gain of hydrogen ions) or oxygen is lost.

Back 101

Reduction

Front 102

Nucleic acid that contains ribose and the bases A, G, C, and U. Carries out DNA's instructions for protein synthesis.

Back 102

RNA

Front 103

Reversible change of a colloid from a fluid (sol) to a more solid (gel) state.

Back 103

Sol-gel transformation

Front 104

The substance that is dissolved in a solution

Back 104

Solute

Front 105

Group of chemical substances including certain hormones and cholesterol; they are fat soluble and contain little oxygen

Back 105

Steroids

Front 106

Consist of extended strandlike polypeptide structure that is linear, insoluble in water, and very stable; e.g., collagen

Back 106

Structural (Fibrous) Proteins

Front 107

A reactant on which an enzyme acts to cause a chemical action to proceed.

Back 107

Substrate

Front 108

Heterogenous mixtures with large, often visible solutes that tend to settle out.

Back 108

Suspension

Front 109

A chemical reaction in which larger, more complex atoms or molecules are formed from simpler ones.

Back 109

Synthesis (Combination) reaction

Front 110

Single-ring base (a pyrimidine) in DNA

Back 110

Thymine (T)

Front 111

Fats and oils composed of fatty acids and glycerol; are the body's most concentrated source of energy fuel; also known as neutral fats

Back 111

Triglycerides

Front 112

A smaller, single-ring base (a pyrimidine) found in RNA

Back 112

Uracil (U)

Front 113

Outermost electron shell (energy level) of an atom that contains electrons

Back 113

Valence Shell