A+P Ch. 1

Front 1

Gross Anatomy

Back 1

Study of large body structures visible to the naked eye.

Front 2

Regional Anatomy

Back 2

All structures in a particular region of the body-ex: studying all the nerves, blood vessels and bones in the abdomen.

Front 3

Systemic Anatomy

Back 3

Body structure is studied system by system.

Front 4

Cytology

Back 4

Study of cells

Front 5

Histology

Back 5

Study of tissues

Front 6

Embryology

Back 6

Subdivision of developmental anatomy-concerns developmental changes that occur before birth.

Front 7

Renal Physiology

Back 7

Concerns kidney function

Front 8

Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function

Back 8

Individually, anatomy and physiology are inseparable because function always reflects structure.

Front 9

Levels of Structural Organization

Back 9

1-Chemical
2-Cellular
3-Tissue
4-Organ
5-Organ system
6-Organismal

Front 10

1. Chemical Level of Structural Organization

Back 10

Atoms combine to form molecules such as water and proteins.

Front 11

2. Cellular Level of Structural Organization

Back 11

Molecules have formed organelles (basic components of the microscopic cell).
Cells are the smallest units of living things.

Front 12

3. Tissue Level of Structural Organization

Back 12

Groups of similar cells that have a common function.

Front 13

4. Organ Level of Structural Organization

Back 13

Structure composed of at least TWO types of tissues. Performs a specific function in the body

Front 14

5. Organ System Level of Structural Organization

Back 14

Organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose.

Front 15

6. Organismal Level of Structural Organization.

Back 15

Represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to promote life.

Front 16

Necessary Life Functions

Back 16

1. Maintaining Boundaries
2. Movement
3. Responsiveness (Irritability)
4. Digestion
5. Metabolism
6. Excretion
7. Reproduction
8. Growth

Front 17

1. Maintaining Boundaries

Back 17

Keeps internal environment distinct from outside
ex: cell membrane or our skin

Front 18

2. Movement

Back 18

On cellular level: Contractility

Front 19

3. Responsiveness

Back 19

Ability to sense changes in the environment and then respond to them.

Front 20

4. Digestion

Back 20

Breaking down of ingested food to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

Front 21

5. Metabolism

Back 21

All chemical reactions that occur within body cells.
Includes: Catabolism (the breaking down of substances into their simpler building blocks) and Anabolism (synthesizing more complex structures from simpler substances)

Front 22

ATP

Back 22

Energy rich molecules that power cellular activities.

Front 23

6. Excretion

Back 23

Process of removing wastes from the body

Front 24

7. Reproduction

Back 24

Creation of new life. Can occur at the cellular or organismal level.

Front 25

8. Growth

Back 25

Increase in size of a body part or the organism.

Front 26

Survival Needs

Back 26

1. Nutrients
2. Oxygen
3. Water
4. Normal Body Temp
5. Atmospheric Pressure

Front 27

What happens chemically, and to the organismal when body temperature drops or speeds up

Back 27

When the temperature is too high, chemical reactions continue to speed up more and more. Body proteins lose their shape, and stop functioning. Death will occur.
When normal body temperature drops, chemical reactions slow down until metabolism is stopped. Death occurs here too.

Front 28

Homeostasis

Back 28

The ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously.

Front 29

Three interdependent components of the homeostatic control mechanism

Back 29

1. the Variable-the event being regulated
2. the receptor-the sensor the monitors the environment and responds to change.
3. The Control Center-determines the set point

Front 30

Negative Feedback

Back 30

*Most common homeostatic control mechanism
*Brings body back into balance on a regular basis

Front 31

Positive Feedback

Back 31

*Happens in time of crisis
*Examples include: time of birth, panic attacks, etc

Front 32

Anatomical Position

Back 32

Anatomical reference point for standard body position:
Standing straight up with head and eyes forward, and hands at sides with palms forward.

Front 33

Directional Terms

Back 33

Terms used to explain where parts of the body are in relation to one another

Front 34

Axial part

Back 34

parts that make up the main axix of the body-includes head, neack and trunk.

Front 35

Appendicular part

Back 35

parts that consist of the appendages (limbs) that are attached to the body's axis.

Front 36

Regional Terms

Back 36

used to designate specific areas within the major body divisions.

Front 37

Nasal

Back 37

nose

Front 38

Oral

Back 38

Mouth

Front 39

Cervical

Back 39

Neck

Front 40

Acromial

Back 40

Point of Shoulder

Front 41

Axilary

Back 41

Armpit

Front 42

Abdominal

Back 42

Abdomen

Front 43

Brachial

Back 43

Arm

Front 44

Antecubital

Back 44

Front of elbow

Front 45

Antebrachial

Back 45

Front of arm

Front 46

Pelvic

Back 46

Pelvis

Front 47

Carpal

Back 47

Wrist

Front 48

Pollex

Back 48

Thumb

Front 49

Palmar

Back 49

Palm

Front 50

Digital

Back 50

Fingers/toes

Front 51

Pubic

Back 51

Genital Region

Front 52

Patellar

Back 52

Anterior Knee

Front 53

Crural

Back 53

Leg

Front 54

Pedal

Back 54

Foot

Front 55

Tarsal

Back 55

Ankle

Front 56

Frontal

Back 56

Forehead

Front 57

Orbital

Back 57

Eye

Front 58

Buccal

Back 58

Cheek

Front 59

Mental

Back 59

Chin

Front 60

Sternal

Back 60

Breastbone

Front 61

Thoracic

Back 61

Chest

Front 62

Mammary

Back 62

Breast

Front 63

Umbilical

Back 63

naval

Front 64

Coxal

Back 64

Hip

Front 65

Inguinal

Back 65

Groin

Front 66

Femoral

Back 66

Thigh

Front 67

Fibular

Back 67

Side of Leg

Front 68

Hallux

Back 68

Great Toe

Front 69

Cephalic

Back 69

Head

Front 70

Occipital

Back 70

Base of Skull

Front 71

Vertebral

Back 71

Spinal Column

Front 72

Manus

Back 72

hand

Front 73

Scapular

Back 73

Shoulder Blade

Front 74

Brachial

Back 74

Arm

Front 75

Dorsum, Dorsal

Back 75

Back

Front 76

Olecranal

Back 76

Back of Elbow

Front 77

Lumbar

Back 77

Loin

Front 78

Sacral

Back 78

Between Hips

Front 79

Gluteal

Back 79

Buttock

Front 80

Perineal

Back 80

Region between the anus and external genitalia

Front 81

Sural

Back 81

Calf

Front 82

Popliteal

Back 82

Back of Knee

Front 83

Calaneal

Back 83

Heel

Front 84

Plantar

Back 84

Sole

Front 85

Sagittal

Back 85

Vertical plane that cuts body into right and left parts.

Front 86

Frontal planes

Back 86

Vertical plane that cuts body into front and back parts (anterior and posterior)

Front 87

Transverse Planes

Back 87

Horizontal plane that cuts body into top and bottom parts (superior and inferior)

Front 88

Body Cavities

Back 88

1. Dorsal:
a) Cranial-brain
b) Vertebral-spinal cord
2. Ventral: houses the internal organs collectively known as "viscera"
a) Thoracic-
1-Pleural-lungs
2-Mediastinum-thymus, esophagus, trachea, heart.
3-paracardial-heart
b) Abdominopelvic
1-Abdominal-stomach, liver, spleen, sm. and lg intestines
2. pelvic-reproductive organs, bladder
3. retroperitineal

Front 89

Membranes of the Ventral Body Cavity

Back 89

The walls of the ventral cavity are lined by a double-layered membrane called the serosa.
The part that lines the organ is called: Visceral
The part that lines the wall of the cavity is called Parietal