Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Name the 2 divisions of the nervous system
|
Central nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
|
|
Name the 2 divisions of the PNS
|
Somatic
Autonomic |
|
|
What makes up the CNS
|
brain & spinal cord
|
|
|
How many neurons does the brain contain?
|
~ 100 billion
|
|
|
What makes up the PNS
|
nerves that exit & enter CNS
|
|
|
The somatic nervous system is involved in what?
|
somatic sensation (touch, limb movement & pain)
control of skeletal muscle contraction |
|
|
Which types of nerves travel from peripheral tissues(skin, muscle & joints) to spinal cord?
|
Somatic sensory nerves
|
|
|
Which type of nerves travel from spinal cord to skeletal muscle
|
motor nerves
|
|
|
What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system
|
sympathetic
parasympathetic |
|
|
The autonomic nervous system is involved in the regulation of what?
|
Internal environment--BP, respirations, body temp & other variables
|
|
|
Name the major anatomical divisions of the brain, from lowest to highest
|
hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
|
|
|
What structures makes up the brainstem
|
medulla, pons & midbrain
|
|
|
Where does the cerebellum attach
|
to the brainstem
|
|
|
What structures make up the hindbrain
|
medulla, pons & cerebellum
|
|
|
Mesencephalon is another name for_______
|
midbrain
|
|
|
The forebrain includes
|
diencephalon &
telencephalon |
|
|
The diencephalon contains all things "thalamus"? True or false
|
True--thalamus & hypothalamus
|
|
|
The limbic system produces emotions & motivation--T or F
|
True
|
|
|
The telencephalon includes
|
basal ganglia
amygdala hippocampus limbic cortex cerebral cortex |
|
|
The cerebral cortex includes what (3) types of cortexes
|
motor
somatic sensory association |
|
|
Medulla contains both ascending & descending nerve tracts (axon bundles) T or F?
|
True
|
|
|
What are brain nuclei?
|
Dense clusters of neurons that are responsible for a specific function
|
|
|
What 2 nuclei are present in the medulla
|
cardiovascular center (controls HR & BP)
respiratory center (controls activity of resp muscles) |
|
|
Where is the locus coeruleus (blue area) found?
|
dorsal portion of pons
|
|
|
Axons from the locus coeruleus project to which areas
|
hypothalamus, thalamus & cerebral cortex
|
|
|
The function of the locus coeruleus is what
|
they play a role in arousal of higher brain areas of hypothalamus, thalamus & cerebral cortex
|
|
|
Depletion of which neurotransmitter in the locus coeruleus may play a role in depression
|
norepinephrine
|
|
|
Basal portion of pons connects what areas
|
hemispheres of cerebral cortex & contralateral hemispheres of cerebellum
|
|
|
What nuclei are located in the midbrain?
|
substania nigra & red nucleus
|
|
|
Is substantia nigra unilateral?
|
No--bilateral
|
|
|
The degeneration of substantia nigra neurons is affected in what disease?
|
Parkinson's
|
|
|
The red nucleus is bilateral. T or F
|
true
|
|
|
What does the red nucleus do?
|
works closely with cerebellum in certain aspects of motor control
|
|
|
What makes up the reticular formation
|
numerous nuclei & diffuse network of neurons not included in specific nuclei or nerve tracts
|
|
|
Axons from reticular formation project into which brain areas?
|
thalamus, limbic system & cerebral cortex
|
|
|
T or F Neuron output from reticular formation is referred to as reticular activation system (RAS)?
|
True
|
|
|
What's the primary function of RAS?
|
Providing background excitation of higher brain areas
|
|
|
What type of input does the reticular formation receive?
|
somatic sensory (e.g. pain, temp, touch, pressure)
|
|
|
What types of meds act as depressants of reticular formation?
|
barbiturates
|
|
|
Injury to reticular formation can cause?
|
Coma
|
|
|
Tonic-clonic seizures can be caused by irritable foci or excessive activity where?
|
reticular formation
|
|
|
Does electrical excitation of cerebellum cause sensation or movement?
|
No--cerebellum is "silent area" of brain
|
|
|
Will injury to cerebellum which severely impairs motor activities cause muscle paralysis?
|
No
|
|
|
Where does the cerebellum attach to the brainstem?
|
Basal portion of pons
|
|
|
Where does the cerebellum receive sensory input from?
|
many sensory systems plus brainstem & motor cortex
|
|
|
The cerebellum coordinates what type of muscle activity
|
voluntary skeletal
|
|
|
The voluntary skeletal muscle that the cerebellum coordinates involves what?
|
maintenance of equilibrium & posture; locomotion & rapid nonstereotyped movements based on individual experience (typing, playing an instrument)
|
|
|
Does the cerebellum initiate voluntary movements such as walking or running?
|
No--it helps to facilitate proper execution of these movements
|
|
|
The forebrain includes what structures?
|
diencephalon & telencephalon
|
|
|
How much of the diencephalon does the thalamus make up?
|
80%
|
|
|
What's the primary focus of the thalamus?
|
Relay station for sensory signals traveling to cerebral cortex
|
|
|
The thalamus has both sensory & motor relay nuclei? T or F
|
True
|
|
|
The generalized thalamocortical system (GTS) receives input from reticular formation via what system?
|
RAS
|
|
|
Excessive activity in the GTS may cause tonic-clonic seizures. T or F
|
False--may cause absence (petit mal) seizures
|
|
|
Output from GTS (generalized thalamocortical system) is directed where?
|
Most areas of cerebral cortex
|
|
|
Hypothalamus is the principle regulator of ________?
|
Autonomic nervous system
|
|
|
Output from hypothalamus goes where?
|
Autonomic nuclei in brainstem & pituitary gland
|
|
|
Hypothalamus provides connection between emotion & basic drives and what?
|
Visceral functions assoc with carrying out these drives
|
|
|
Can you see ganglion without magnification?
How about nuclei? |
Yes
No |
|
|
Where are basal ganglia located
|
base of each cerebral hemisphere
|
|
|
Name components of basal ganglia
|
Striatum, which includes caudate nucleus & putamen, and globus pallidus
|
|
|
What (2) structures make connections with basal ganglia but are not part of it?
|
Substantia nigra & subthalamic nuclei
|
|
|
Where is subthalamic nuclei located?
|
Diencephalon
|
|
|
The thalamus & sensory cortex send sensory info to what?
|
Striatum
|
|
|
Where does striatum receive motor info from?
|
Cerebral cortex
|
|
|
The striatum works in close assoc with motor cortex & is a component of extrapyramidal motor system. T or F?
|
True
|
|
|
What connection degenerates in Parkinson's disease?
|
neurons that originate in substantia nigra & innervate striatum
|
|
|
Striatum plays a role in initiation of what type of movement?
|
Intentional
|
|
|
What's choreiform?
|
jerky, purposeless movements
|
|
|
Huntington's chorea is an example of what type of disease?
|
Hereditary disorder involving neuronal degeneration in striatum
|
|
|
Gyri & sulci--grooves & folds or folds & grooves?
|
folds & grooves
|
|
|
What layer is the cerebral cortex
|
outermost
|
|
|
Cerebral cortex makes up what % of total brain wt?
|
40 %
|
|
|
How many neurons does the cerebral cortex contain?
|
75 billion
|
|
|
Occipital--pick one:
A. hearing, lang comprehension, memory B. Vision C. Somatic sensory cortex D. motor cortex, memory, behavior |
B. Vision
|
|
|
Temporal--pick one:
A. hearing, lang comprehension, memory B. Vision C. Somatic sensory cortex D. motor cortex, memory, behavior |
A. hearing, language comprehension & memory
|
|
|
Parietal--pick one:
A. hearing, lang comprehension, memory B. Vision C. Somatic sensory cortex D. motor cortex, memory, behavior |
C. Somatic sensory cortex
|
|
|
Frontal--pick one:
A. hearing, lang comprehension, memory B. Vision C. Somatic sensory cortex D. motor cortex, memory, behavior |
D. motor cortex, memory, behavior
|
|
|
How many layers does each cortical region contain?
How are they arranged? |
6
In columns |
|
|
Is the majority of the human brain association cortex, motor areas or sensory areas?
|
association cortex
|
|
|
What are the functions of the association cortex?
|
"executive" activities of brain, individuality of behavior & inegrative functions
|
|
|
What's so special about integrative functions?
|
current info is integrated with past experiences & emotion, allowing person to think, make decisions & plan
|
|
|
Do all lobes possess association cortex?
|
Yep
|
|
|
What's the specialty of the prefrontal cortex?
|
monitoring behavior, using judgement & foresight
|
|
|
How are the L & R cerebral hemispheres connected?
|
By the corpus callosum
|
|
|
Define contralateral representation
|
One side of brain controls somatic sensation & movement on other side
|
|
|
The nondominant hemisphere is thought to be responsible for what?
|
perception of spatial relationships--"seeing the whole picture"
|
|
|
Name the 5 forebrain structures associated with limbic system
|
1. hypothalamus
2. amygdala 3. hippocampus 4. septum 5. limbic cortex |
|
|
What's another name for the limbic cortex?
|
Cingulate gyrus
|
|
|
Is the hippocampus bilateral?
|
Yes
|
|
|
The hippocampus is important in learning and memory and may be involved in anxiety. T or F
|
True
|
|
|
What is the key central component of the limbic system?
|
Hypothalamus
|
|
|
The amygdala is called the _______ of the limbic system?
|
window?
|
|
|
The amygdala is important in the emotional response to threatening situations, including feelings of fear. T or F?
|
True
|
|
|
ADD is thought to be associated with decreased activity in which lobe?
|
prefrontal
|
