A & P

Front 1

_____ modifies the way detector cells (rods & cones)send APs to the brain via the optive nerve (N2).

Back 1

light

Front 2

structure of retina from back of eye to front of eye (9)

Back 2

1) sclera
2) choroid
3) pigment epithelium
4) rod & cone outer segments
5) rod & cone nuclei
6) bipolar cells
7) ganglion ells
8) nerve fibers to optic nerve
9) vitreous body

Front 3

nm that rods, blue, green, & red cones absorb

Back 3

blue cones- 420
rods- 500
green cones- 531
red cones- 558

Front 4

Our eye has to regulate the amount of light reahing the retina for ________.

Back 4

protection

Front 5

To focus an image, the eye modifies the shape of the ______.

Back 5

lens

Front 6

2 things that modifie lens shape and help to focus the inverted image on the retina.

Back 6

1) ciliary muscles
2) suspensory ligament

Front 7

2 things that modifie pupil diameter and light access to retina to protect in strong light and help in dim light.

Back 7

1) pupillary muscle
2) iris

Front 8

part of eye that is your blind spot

Back 8

optic disc

Front 9

fovea centralis vs. peripheral vision

Back 9

fovea centralis- center image
peripheral vision- low-resolution, serve mainly to alert of motion

Front 10

What happens to visual acuity as image falls away from fovea centralis?

Back 10

decreases

Front 11

Do rods or cones occupie the fovea when you look at something directly?

Back 11

cones

Front 12

What is the sensitivity to light of cones at the convergence of the fovea?

Back 12

less convergence

Front 13

shape of lens to bring an inverted image of a distant object into focus on the retina

Back 13

flat

Front 14

lens ______ allows us to look at objects that are close.

Back 14

accomadation

Front 15

2 things that have a natural tension that pulls them tight toward the margin of the retina

Back 15

1) suspensory ligament
2) ciliary muscles

Front 16

_____ of ciliary muscle draws structures away from the edge of the retina, relaxing the suspensory ligaments which lets the elastic lens become...

Back 16

constriction

Front 17

Is trans-retinol formed in the light or dark?

Back 17

light

Front 18

Trans-retinol leads to the breakdown of _____

Back 18

cyclic GMP

Front 19

In dark, cGMP hyperpolarizes rod/cone membrane and _______ is released to bipolar cell.

Back 19

inhibitory glutamate

Front 20

In dark, bipolar cell is hyperpolarized by _____ (turned off)

Back 20

glutamate

Front 21

In light, trans-retinol is created and leads to ____ destruction.

Back 21

cGMP

Front 22

In light, the bipolar cell is not inhibited, so it sends _____ to ganglion cell.

Back 22

EPSPs

Front 23

In light, ganglion cell sends APs into _______.

Back 23

optic nerve

Front 24

What causes ganglion cells to send APs to the brain, light or dark?

Back 24

light

Front 25

Why do rods give better sensitivity?

Back 25

Many rods converge on each bipolar cell and many bipolar cells conerge on each ganglion cells which allows extensive spatial summation.

Front 26

function of lateral rectus
nerve?

Back 26

abduction
Abducens Nerve 6

Front 27

function of medial rectus
nerve?

Back 27

adduction
Occulomotor Nerve 3

Front 28

function of superior rectus
nerve?

Back 28

elevation
Occulomotor Nerve 3

Front 29

function of inferior rectus
nerve?

Back 29

depression
occulomotor nerve 3

Front 30

function of superior oblique
nerve?

Back 30

depression/rotation
trochlear nerve 4

Front 31

Which nerve has a unique pulley system?

Back 31

trochelear nerve

Front 32

function of inferior oblique
nerve?

Back 32

elevation/rotation
occulomotor nerve 3

Front 33

_____ is a disease of nearsightedness, Where is image located?

Back 33

myopia
behind retina

Front 34

____ is a disease of farsightedness, Where is image located?

Back 34

hyperopia
infront of retina

Front 35

____ is a disease of a non-uniform lens shape with a non-uniform image.

Back 35

astigmatism

Front 36

parts of eye stroke effects

Back 36

tracts and areas

Front 37

_____ is a disease of elevated occular pressure and reduced blood supply to retina.

Back 37

glaucoma

Front 38

_____ is a disease of precipitate inside lens (cloudy) due to glaucoma, UV light, smoking, and/or diabetes.

Back 38

cataracts

Front 39

____ is a disease where most retinal blood supply is lost from choroid, so detachment causes ischemia/infarct.

Back 39

detached retina

Front 40

_____ is a disease of oxidative or UV injury to the macula densa (fovea centralis)

Back 40

mascular degeneration

Front 41

Our sense of hearing and equilibrium is dependent on displacements of a fluid called ______ and hair cells to detect the movement.

Back 41

endolymph

Front 42

In hearing, Sound is directed to the tympanic membrane and converted to displacements of endolymph by the _____.

Back 42

stapes

Front 43

In hearing, endolymph displacements occur at frequency specific locations in the _____.

Back 43

cochlea

Front 44

In hearing,Localized displacements create site specific APs in hair cells of ______ that travel to CNS in vestibulocochlear nerve. The AP is then delivered to the thalamus and primary auditory cortex.

Back 44

Organ of Corti

Front 45

In equilibrium, endolymph movement in semeicirular canals agitates hair cells in _________.

Back 45

ampulla

Front 46

In equilibrium, ____ shift position in saculle and utricleand agitate hair cells.

Back 46

otolith crystals
APs sent to CNS in new fashion based on new position of haircells/otoliths.

Front 47

cartilage of pinnae

Back 47

hyalin

Front 48

function of the _____ is to focus ans magnify sound into the external auditory meatus and ear drum.

Back 48

tympanic membrane

Front 49

The _______ consists of turning the pinnae at a slightly skewed angle to help improve your ability to localize the source of sounds.

Back 49

curious dog effect

Front 50

The _______ is an air filled cavity that functions to convert sound into motions in the Malleus>Incus/Stapes and finally into vibrations of the oval window of the cochlea.

Back 50

middle ear

Front 51

_____ covers the air cavity infront of the middle ear.

Back 51

tympanum

Front 52

2 muscles that help sensitive ear

Back 52

1) stapedius
2) tensor tympani

Front 53

obstruction of ____ causes an ear infection, pressure changes

Back 53

eustacian tube

Front 54

____ of cochlea is where sound is converted to perilymphatic and endolymphatic vibes.

Back 54

oval window

Front 55

____ is what is pushed in, must have a place to be pushed out.

Back 55

round window

Front 56

____ compresses the fluids of the cochlea.

Back 56

stapes

Front 57

Where can mechanosensitive hair cells be found?

Back 57

cochlea

Front 58

Why is the cochlea wound up like a snail?

Back 58

so it can fit in skull

Front 59

APs exit cochlea via the _________.

Back 59

vestibulocochlear nerve

Front 60

_____ creates compresssions of the scala vestibula that are transmitted down the length of the cochlea, with low frequency sounds passing the longest distance.

Back 60

Stapes

Front 61

specific cochlear locations compressions resonate at

Back 61

1) organ of corti
2) tectorial membrane
-agitate site-specific hair cells that send APs to indicate that motion is occurring. (hearing)

Front 62

loudness is an amplitude in units called _____.

Back 62

decibeles

Front 63

How many dB do you feel pain at?

Back 63

120

Front 64

How many dB can you damage the ear?

Back 64

90

Front 65

Pitch is a term for sound frequency that is measured in units called ______.

Back 65

hertz

Front 66

______ is low frequency=vibes in body

Back 66

infrasonic

Front 67

_____ is high fruquency heard by dog.

Back 67

ultrasonic

Front 68

2 problems concernign sound at work place and the legal system.

Back 68

1) repetitive sound exposure
2) tone deafness

Front 69

Our sense of balance comes from the inner ear's _______ and changes in the motion of fluids and or otoliths.

Back 69

vestibular apparatus

Front 70

3 primary structures for our sense of balance, motion, and equilibrium

Back 70

1) semicircular canals/ampulla
2) utricle
3) saccule

Front 71

______ is inertia createdd during acceleration/decceleration that causes the fluid to move in/through the semicircular canals along the angles of motion that are experienced.

Back 71

dynamic motion

Front 72

In ________ the utricle and saccule dtect whether changes in positon are maintained in a stationary manner (no inertia) for longer periods of time.

Back 72

static equilibrium

Front 73

detection of static changes in body _____.

Back 73

orientation

Front 74

position of saccule and utricle in static equilibrium

Back 74

saccule- top
utricle-bottom

Front 75

In static equilibrium, _____ (U or s) is sensitive site where hair cells are located.

Back 75

macula

Front 76

Which fluid is nonsensory, perilymph or endolymph?

Back 76

perilymph

Front 77

areas where perilymph fills spaces

Back 77

1) semicircular canals/bones
2) scala vestibuli
3) tympani

Front 78

areas where endolymph fills spaces

Back 78

1) cochlear duct
2) semicircular canals
3) saccule
4) utricle