A & P 2 Exam 1

Front 1

which systems assist in communication during homeostasis?

Back 1

endocrine and neural

Front 2

means "in"

Back 2

afferent

Front 3

means "out"

Back 3

efferent

Front 4

monitoring sensor, stimuli, input, afferent

Back 4

receptor

Front 5

set point, appropriate response, effector

Back 5

control center

Front 6

output, feedback

Back 6

effector

Front 7

function is to shut off or reduce; to maintain physiological function; to maintain blood chemicals

Back 7

negative feedback mechanism

Front 8

example of a neg feedback mechanism

Back 8

in high temps, thermoreceptors tell brain to tell sweat glands to cool off the body

Front 9

enhancing original; more of the same and same direction; series of events that are self perpetuating and once initiated, there is an amplification effect (cascades)

Back 9

positive feedback mechanism

Front 10

two examples of pos feedback mechanism

Back 10

1. oxytocin - intensifies labor contractions and stimulates the release of more oxytocin

2. blood clotting - platelets release ADP and serotonin which produced for platelets

Front 11

basic structural material, biological catalysts, oxygen transport and movement

Back 11

proteins

Front 12

piece of DNA that has info to synthesize a specific protein

Back 12

gene

Front 13

serial units; contrain C, O, H, N, S, and P and are held together by individual bonds called peptide bonds

Back 13

amino acids

Front 14

release of water molecule when two amino acids come together

Back 14

dehydration synthesis

Front 15

bonds can only be broken apart in presence of water

Back 15

hydrolysis

Front 16

sequence itself; based upon what gene tells it to do; sequence determines rest of structure

Back 16

primary structure

Front 17

sheet or spiral held together by bonds

Back 17

secondary structure

Front 18

how sheets or spirals attach to each other and fit together

Back 18

tertiary structure

Front 19

when multiple molecules are together

Back 19

quaternary structure

Front 20

protein without an active site; won't function

Back 20

mis-folding

Front 21

type of protein that is strand-like and rope-like; highly stable; insoluble in water; ideally known as structural proteins; mech. support and tensile strength

Back 21

fibrous protein

Front 22

examples of fibrous protein

Back 22

1. collagen

2. contractive proteins

Front 23

type of protein that is round, compact, and spherical; tertiary structure; water soluble; chemically active; change shape and do lots of things

Back 23

globular protein

Front 24

examples of globular protein

Back 24

1. enzymes

2. albumin

3. ligands

4. channels

Front 25

changing pH which causes protein to unfold; won't work as well

Back 25

denaturing

Front 26

serve as binding sites for chemicals inside or outside the cell

Back 26

membrane proteins

Front 27

cell to cell interaction; important for development and immunity

Back 27

contact signaling

Front 28

majority of membrane proteins use this communication; ligand will bind to specific protein; neurotransmitters, adrenaline, hormones, etc.

Back 28

chemical signaling

Front 29

site for chemical exchange

Back 29

channel

Front 30

less water during passive transport (osmosis)

Back 30

hypotonic

Front 31

more water during passive transport (osmosis)

Back 31

hypertonic

Front 32

channels that open in response to chemical changes

Back 32

chemically gated

Front 33

respond to chemical stimulus (stretch) (physical)

Back 33

mechanically gated

Front 34

respond to change in electrical nature of cell (ions)

Back 34

voltage gated

Front 35

transmembrane molecule that is specific and will help a chemical across membrane that is normally too large (sugars and amino acids)

Back 35

carriers

Front 36

all carriers are being used and can't go any faster

Back 36

saturation

Front 37

prevents carriers from doing what they need to do

Back 37

inhibition

Front 38

only respond to very specific chemicals

Back 38

specificity

Front 39

formed by an ionic balance which polarizes the membrane

Back 39

membrane potential

Front 40

electrical potential energy resulting from the separation by membrane of oppositely charges particles (ions)

Back 40

voltage

Front 41

what is voltage measured in

Back 41

millivoltz (mV)

Front 42

flow of electrical charge from one point to another point; used to do work

Back 42

current

Front 43

depends upon voltage and resistance

Back 43

amount of charge

Front 44

what is the current equation

Back 44

current = voltage / resistance

Front 45

hinders flow of ions

Back 45

resistance

Front 46

do insulators have high or low resistance

Back 46

high

Front 47

do conductors have high or low resistance

Back 47

low

Front 48

the greater the voltage, the ______ the current

Back 48

greater

Front 49

the greater the resistance, the ______ the current

Back 49

lesser

Front 50

what is the flow of charged particles reflected by?

Back 50

voltage, current, and resistance

Front 51

channels that are generally opened

Back 51

leaky (non-gated) channels

Front 52

protein lining hole; open or close in respect to signal

Back 52

gated channels

Front 53

tells what is negative and what is positive

Back 53

voltmeter

Front 54

neg. inside and pos. outside at the cell membrane

Back 54

polarized

Front 55

what is resting membrane potential for neurons?

Back 55

-70 mV

Front 56

what is resting membrane potential for cardiac muscle?

Back 56

-90 mV

Front 57

what are the two types of signals?

Back 57

1. graded potentials

2. action potentials

Front 58

further away from stimulus, less current flow; size of gradient potential decreases the further away from the stimulus

Back 58

decremental

Front 59

how we transmit AP alone membrane

Back 59

propagation of an action potential

Front 60

potentials are ______ currents

Back 60

local

Front 61

is propagation of an AP directional?

Back 61

yes

Front 62

AP can only go _____ from axon hillock

Back 62

away

Front 63

what is threshold?

Back 63

about -50 mV

Front 64

more Na entering than K leaving

Back 64

depolarization

Front 65

more K leaves than Na enters

Back 65

hyperpolarization

Front 66

growth from the outside (matrix added)

Back 66

appositional growth

Front 67

growth from the inside; cellular division; matrix grows from within

Back 67

interstitial growth

Front 68

calcium salts deposit into matrix which causes matrix to harden

Back 68

calcification

Front 69

what are the 6 functions of bone?

Back 69

1. support

2. protection

3. movement

4. mineral growth factor storage

5. blood cell formation

6. triglyceride storage

Front 70

what minerals are found in bone?

Back 70

calcium and phosphates

Front 71

hematopoietic tissue that makes blood; marrow cavity of long bones and diploe of spongy bone

Back 71

red marrow

Front 72

filled with adipose tissue; in long bones

Back 72

yellow marrow

Front 73

what are the cells in organic part of bone

Back 73

osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

Front 74

what is the organic part of matrix

Back 74

osteoid

Front 75

hydroxyapatites

Back 75

inorganic comp of bone

Front 76

replacement of other tissue with bone

Back 76

ossification

Front 77

initial formation of bone that you see in fetus/infant

Back 77

osteogenesis

Front 78

immature bone; 1st bone to form during fetal dev. and repair; temp. tissue; low level organization; low mineral content

Back 78

primary bone

Front 79

defective mineralization; primary bone isn't converting to secondary bone; painful and no stablility

Back 79

rickets

Front 80

mature; more organized bone; greater mineral content; stronger; collagen in parallel bundles

Back 80

secondary bone

Front 81

total replacement of spongy bone takes ______ years

Back 81

3-4

Front 82

replacement of compact bone takes _____ years

Back 82

10

Front 83

what are the two purposes for bone remodeling?

Back 83

1. to establish optimum bone strength (micro cracking)

2. to maintain calcium homeostasis

Front 84

occurs with bone injury or if you need added strength; need vitamins a, c, d, calcium, and phosphates

Back 84

bone deposition

Front 85

uses osteoclasts and breaks down bone to phagocytize osteocytes and demineralize matrix

Back 85

bone resorption

Front 86

digest organic material

Back 86

lysosymal enzymes

Front 87

takes care of calcarious salts into soluble form

Back 87

HCl

Front 88

cut itself off; need Ca for muscle contraction, coagulation, and for secretions; maintains blood calcium homeostasis

Back 88

negative feedback hormonal loop for Ca homeostasis

Front 89

will respond to low calcium ion conc. in blood

Back 89

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Front 90

responds to high conc. calcium ions in blood

Back 90

calcitonin

Front 91

gravitational forces act on skeleton; bone absorbs or remodels based upon demands placed upon it

Back 91

wolff's law

Front 92

series of diseases of inadequate mineralization; bone is produced, but calcium is not deposited; bones are soft and weak; not enough calcium or vitamin d

Back 92

osteomalacia and ricketts

Front 93

series of diseases where resorption outpaces bone deposit; comp. of matrix is normal, but not enough of it; bones are porous and light

Back 93

osteoporosis

Front 94

excessive bone resorption and bone deposition; a lot of spongy bone; fill in cavities with pagetic bone; less mineralization; may be a virus

Back 94

paget's disease

Front 95

what are the functions of muscle

Back 95

1. produce movement

2. maintain body posture and position

3. stabilize joints

4. generate heat (shivering)

Front 96

special characteristic of a muscle that responds to and receives stimulus

Back 96

excitablility

Front 97

special characteristic of a muscle that responds to stimulus and does something; has electrical impulse to signal contraction

Back 97

conductive

Front 98

special characteristic of a muscle that gets shorter when excited

Back 98

contractile

Front 99

special characteristic of a muscle that can be stretched beyond it's resting shape when relaxed

Back 99

extensibility

Front 100

special characteristic of a muscle that can recoil

Back 100

elasticity

Front 101

plasma membrane of muscle

Back 101

sarcolemma

Front 102

cytoplasm of muscle cell

Back 102

sarcoplasm

Front 103

elaborate smooth ER and in muscles; large #s of mitochondria and glycogen; role is the regulate Ca ions in the cell

Back 103

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 104

series of polypeptide globular actin units

Back 104

G-actin

Front 105

polymerized to form a chain; forms backbone of filament

Back 105

F-actin (fibrous actin)

Front 106

rod shaped protein that spirals around the actin core; stiffens and stabilizes f-actin; covers binding sites when it is relaxed

Back 106

tropomyosin

Front 107

globular structure and consists of a three polypeptide complex

Back 107

troponin

Front 108

binds to actin (inhibitory)

Back 108

TnI

Front 109

binds to tropomyosin to keep it on actin

Back 109

TnT

Front 110

bind to Ca ions

Back 110

TnC

Front 111

muscles unable to stop Ca ions going t=from outside to inside of cell

Back 111

rigor mortis

Front 112

most muscles begin to stiffen ______ hours after death

Back 112

3-4

Front 113

peak rigidity of muscles is at _____ hours after death

Back 113

12

Front 114

muscles stop stiffening _____ hours after death

Back 114

48-60

Front 115

nerves that simulate skeletal muscle

Back 115

somatic motor neuron

Front 116

membranous sacs that contain ACH

Back 116

synaptic vesicles

Front 117

muscle weakness disease and people with it have drooping eyelids; shortage of ACH receptors; autoimmune disease

Back 117

myasthenia gravis

Front 118

respond to: nervous impulse

effect: to cause Ca+ to enter which results in release of ACH from synaptic vesicles

Back 118

Voltage-gated Ca+ channels (on axon term)

Front 119

respond to: ACH binding to them

effect: lead to formation of endplate potential

Back 119

ligand-gates channels (on the endplate)

Front 120

respond to: end plate potential

effect: allow more Na+ in; leading to depolarization; more change in voltage; more channels open, and once threshold, AP

Back 120

voltage-gated Na+ channels (on sarcolemma)

Front 121

surround each myofibril; component of SR

Back 121

interconnecting tubules

Front 122

perpendicular cross channels; component of SR

Back 122

terminal cisternae

Front 123

80% of cell; contractive element of cell

Back 123

myofibrils

Front 124

granule of glycogen and is energy store house of cell

Back 124

glycosomes

Front 125

surrounds each single muscle fiber

Back 125

endomysium

Front 126

groups muscle fibers into bundles (surrounds a fasicle)

Back 126

perimysium

Front 127

covers the entire muscle

Back 127

epimysium

Front 128

connects the muscles to bones or cartilages

Back 128

tendons and aponeuroses

Front 129

epimysium is fused to the periosteum of bone or perichondrium of cartilage

Back 129

direct attachment

Front 130

connective tissue wrappings extends beyond the muscle as a rope-like tendon or sheet-like aponurosis (fibrous membrane binding muscle to bone)

Back 130

indirect attachment

Front 131

holds thick filaments in place and helps muscles spring back after stretching occured (recoil)

Back 131

titin

Front 132

interconnecting tubules run around the _________

Back 132

H-zone

Front 133

triad sits at the __________

Back 133

A-I junction

Front 134

what are the two phases during the stimulation of the muscle?

Back 134

1. stimulation by nerve ending

2. excitation-contracton coupling

Front 135

gel-like extracellular matrix

Back 135

synaptic cleft

Front 136

what do junction folds do?

Back 136

increase surface area

Front 137

list the steps of nerve stimulation

Front 138

list the steps of the cross-bridge cycle

Front 139

end plate potential is a ________ potential

Back 139

general

Front 140

how long is an AP?

Back 140

1-2 ms

Front 141

how long is a cont. of a muscle?

Back 141

100 ms

Front 142

where are voltage gated Ca channels located during nerve stimulation?

Back 142

on axom terminal

Front 143

where are ligand gated channels located during nerve stimulation?

Back 143

on the endplate

Front 144

where are voltage gated Na channels located during nerve stimulation?

Back 144

on sarcolemma

Front 145

where are voltage sensitive proteins located?

Back 145

along the t-tubules