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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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pregnancy
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event occuring from the time of fertilization until the infant is born
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conceptus
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any developing off spring
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gestation period
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extends from the last menstrual period until birth (280 days)
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Pre-embryo
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first two weeks following fertilization
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Whats another name for pre-embryo
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conceptus
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embryo
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from the third through the eight weeks after fertilization
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Fetus
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ninth week through birth
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Infant
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at birth
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Fertilization
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fusion of sperm and egg
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How long is an egg viable for after it leaves the ovary?
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12 - 24 hours
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How long is a sperm viable for after ejaculation?
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24 - 72 hours
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When is the best time for fertilization to occur?
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no more than 3 days before ovulation and 24 hours after
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zygote
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a fertilized egg produced from fusion of male and female pronuclei
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How many sperm actually make it to the uterine tube?
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only a few hundered thousand
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How many sperm are phagocytized in the uterus?
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thousands
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How many sperm are destroyed in the acidity of the vagina?
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millions
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How many sperm leak immediately from the vagina?
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millions
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How many sperm make it to the egg?
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hundreds
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Capacitation
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the sperms membranes must become fragile so that the hydrolytic enzymes in their acrosomes can be released
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What do sperm release to penetrate through the corona radialis and the zona pelludida?
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hyaluroindase and acrosin
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What happens when sperm and the oocyte membrane fuse?
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the sperm is engulfed by the oocyte cytoplasm and the corticle reaction
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Cortical Reaction
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involves the release of the contents of the oocyte cortical granules into extracellular space preventing polyspermy
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polyspermy
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entry of more than one sperm
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How many sperm are there per mL?
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50 - 130 Million
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How many mL per ejaculate?
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2 - 5mL
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Monospermy
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one sperm and one egg
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What happens once the sperm penetrates the egg?
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Meiosis 2 occurs, sperm looses its tail, ovum swells up to form the male and female neuclei
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Name the parts of the pre-embryonic development
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travels down the uterine tube, implantation, placenta formaiton
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What happens to the pre-embryo as it travels down the uterine tube?
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cleavage furrow occurs, and the blastocyst forms
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Cleavage
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a period of fairly rapid mitotic divisions of the zygote following fertilization
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hyperplasia
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increase in cell numbers
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hypertrophy
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increase in size
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How many hours after fertilization does 2 cell happen of cleavage?
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36 hours
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How many hours after fertilization does 4 cell happen of cleavage?
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48 hours
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How many hours after fertilization does 8 cell happen of cleavage?
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72 hours
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What is it called when the zygote gets to 16 or more cells?
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morula
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Blastocyst
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morula hollowed out and fills with fluid, hatching from the zona peludica
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How many cells is the blastocyst consisting of?
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128 cells
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Name the parts of the blastocyst
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trophoblasts and inner cell mass
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trophoblast
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constitute the large flattened cells of the blastocyte which take part in the placenta formation
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What does the trophoblast secrete?
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hCG to promt the corpus luteum to continue secreting progesterone in order to maintain the endometrium
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Inner Cell mass
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a cluster of small rounded cells that becomes the embryonic disc
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What does the blastocyst do when it reaches the uterine?
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it floats freely for 2 - 3 days
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What nourishes the blastocyst while its in the uterine?
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uterine secretions
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How many days does it take for the blastocyst to embed in the endometrium?
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6 - 7 days
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The endometrium engulfs the blastocyst forming layers called what?
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syncytiotrophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts
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syncytiotrophoblast
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outter most layer secreting digestive enzymes and growth factors against the endometrial surface
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cytotrophoblast
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inner layer that develops into the chorion
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What happens to the blastocyst once its embeded into the endometrium?
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the chorion develops chorionic villi
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chorionic villi
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extend into the endometrium where they are in contact with maternal blood
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What is the function of the placenta?
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exchange waste products and blood gasses
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How is the placenta formed?
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chorionic villi penetrate into the deciduas basalis of the endometrium
forming the disc shaped placenta |
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What does the placenta secrete?
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hCG and relaxin
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deciduas basalis
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the part of the endometrium that is found on the mothers side
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deciduas capsularis
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portion of the endometrium that surrounds the uterine cavity face of the implanted embryo; on the top of the baby
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After the placenta is formed what is the blastocyst now called?
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gastrula
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What happens during Gastrulation?
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the three germ layers are formed by the embryonic tissues
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What does the inner cell mass split to form?
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the upper layer (amnion) and the lower layer (yolk sac)
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Amnion
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develop from the upper cells of the splitting inner cells mass
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What is the function of the amnion?
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to provide a buoyant enviorment that protects the developing embryo (baby's urine)
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Yolk Sac
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forms the lower cells of the inner cell mass
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What is the function of the yolk sac?
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to form:
-part of the digestive tube, -the germs cells for the gonads -produces early blood cells and vessels |
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Allantois
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forms as a small out pocketing at the caudal end of the yolk sac;
forms base of umbillical cord and becomes the bladder |
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chorion
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develops from the proliferating trophoblast cells and helps to give rise to the placenta
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What week does the primary germ layers form along the embryonic disc?
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3rd
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What does ectoderm give rise to?
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CNN TAMPA COPS B
Cranial Cartilages Nervous Tissues Nasal Tissue Tooth Enamel Anal Canal Tissue Melanocytes Pineal Tissues Adrenal Medulla Tissues Cornea, Lens Oral Tissues Pituitary Tissues Skin Brachial Cartilages |
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What does the mesoderm give rise to?
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LESSBB.COM
Lymphatic System Eye Tunic Synovial Membrane of Joints Serosa of Ventral Cavity Blood Bone Marrow Tissue Blood Vessel Tissue Cartilage Bone Organ of Urogenitals Muscles |
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What does the endoderm give rise to?
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DR. LAB T RUPPT
Digestive Tract tissue Reproductive Ducts and Glands Liver Auditory Tube Bladder Tonsils Respitory Tract Urethra Parathyroid Pancreas Throid |
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What germ layers are formed first?
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ectoderm and endoderm
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What does the mesoderm separate into?
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a dorsal superior notochord, paired somites, paired masses of intermediate and lateral mesoderm
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Umbilical vein
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carries oxygen and nutrient rich blood from the placenta to the fetus
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umbilical arteries
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carry waste laden blood from the fetus to the placenta
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ductus arteriousus
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allows blood from the plumonary trunk to the aorta
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foramen oval
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used to by pass the lungs
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ductus venosus
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allows blood to bypass the liver
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what is the adult structure of the ductus arterious?
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ligamentum arteriousum
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What is the adult structure of the ductus venosus?
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ligamentum venosum
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What development happens through out the end of the embryonic period?
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bones ossify,
muscles formed, kidneys are developing, gonads are formed, digestive organs and lungs have shape, placenta blood delivery is consistant, heart and liver compete for space, embryo is 1 in in length |
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What happens in 9 - 12 weeks of development?
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1. Head still dominant with brain enlargement continuing and cervical and lumbar enlargements of the spinal cord are obvious.
2. Skin epidermis and dermis are obvious; facial features in crude form. 3. Liver is prominent and bile being secreted; smooth muscle increasing. 4. Blood cells formation begins in bone marrow. 5. Notochord degenerating and ossification accelerating. 6. Sex readily detected from the genitals. 7. Final approximate crown-to-rump length is 90 mm. |
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What happens in 13 -16 weeks of development?
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1. Cerebellum becoming prominent; sensory organs differentiate, eyes and ears assume shape and position; sucking motions of lips occurs.
2. Face looks human and body beginning to outgrow head. 3. Glands developed in GI tract; meconium is collecting. 4. Kidneys attain typical structure. 5. Most bones are now distinct and joint cavities are apparent. 6. Final approximate crown-to-rump length is 140 mm. |
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What happens in 17 - 20 weeks of development?
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1. Fatty secretions from sebaceous glands and silk-like hair cover body.
2. Fetal position assumed because of space restrictions. 3. Limbs near-final proportions. 4. Muscular activity of fetus increases. 5. Final approximate crown-to-rump length is 190 mm. |
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What happens in 21 - 30 weeks of development?
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1. Increase in weight.
2. Myelination of cords begins; eyes are open. 3. Distal limb bones are beginning to ossify. 4. Skin is wrinkled and red; fingernails and toenails are present. 5. Body is lean and well proportioned. 6. Bone marrow becomes sole site of blood cell formation. 7. Testes reach scrotum in seventh month. 8. Final approximate crown-to-rump length is 280 mm. |
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What happens in 30 - 40 weeks of development?
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1. Skin whitish pink; fat laid down in subcutaneous tissue.
2. Final approximate crown-to-rump length is 360-400 mm. |
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What are the anatomical changes of the womans body during pregnancy?
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enlarged breasts, large uterus, lordisis, and gains 29lbs
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why does a woman waddle during pregnancy?
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because her pelvic ligaments and joints are loosened by relaxin
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Human placental lactogen (hPL)
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has anabolic effects and promotes glucose sparing in the mother
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glucose sparing
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causes mother to burn protien rather than glucose
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Human Chorionic Thyrotopin
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similar to thyroid stimulating hormone in that it resulting in maternal hypermetabolism (appetite increase)
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Name the physiological changes in women during pregnancy
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morning sickness, constipation, heartburn, kidneys produce more urine, respitory rate increases while risidual volume decreases, and hypertension
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How is labor stimulated?
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estrogen levels are high which induces oxytocin
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What does oxytocin do?
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it increases myometrial cells and inhibits progesterone by the placenta causing Braxton Hicks
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Braxton Hicks
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weak/false contactions
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What causes true contractions?
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fetal cells produce oxytocin which stimulates prostaglandin- the presence of the two cause contractions
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Name the stages of labor
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dilation stage, expulsion stage, placental stage
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dilation stage
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rhythmic contractions occur until the cervix dilates 10 cm, head of the fetus shows
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expulsion stage
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extends from the full cervical dilation until birth of the infant
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placental stage
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delivery of the after birth
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Why are the breasts ready for lactation during pregnancy?
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because of the high blood levels of estrogen, progesterone, and placental lactogen
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Colostrum
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a premilk fluid that is a fat-poor fluid that contains more protien, vitamin A, and minerals
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How long is the colostrum produced?
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2 - 3 days after birth
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True milk
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produced in response to suckling which stimulates the hypothalamus to prompt the pituitary gland to secrete even more prolactin and oxytocin
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When is ovulation irregular or missing?
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during lactation
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A. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome=
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microcephaly, mental retardation, and abnormal growth.
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B. Dystocia=
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prolonged or difficult labor.
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C. Abortion=
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premature removal of the embryo or fetus from the uterus (may be spontaneous or induced).
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D. Eclampsia=
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dangerous condition of pregnancy from edema and hypertension that causes proteinuria and seizure.
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E. Ectopic pregnancy=
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embryo implants in any site other than the uterus typically within the uterine tubes.
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F. Placenta abruption=
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premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall.
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G. Placenta previa=
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formation of the placenta adjacent to or across the opening of the uterus which is easily torn as the uterus enlarges.
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