Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
200 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is the function of the male reproductive system?
|
to manufacture gametes and to deliver them to the female reproductive tract
|
|
|
Scrotum
|
pouch of skin that contains the testicles
|
|
|
Raphe
|
the septum that divides the two sacs of the scrotum
|
|
|
What degree does sperm production occur?
|
three degrees lower than body temperature
|
|
|
Dartos Muscle
|
wrinkles the scrotum to capture air
|
|
|
Cremaster Muscle
|
pulls testicles closer to the body
|
|
|
What type of muscle makes up the Dartos Muscle?
|
smooth
|
|
|
What type of muscle makes up the Cremaster Muscle?
|
skeletal
|
|
|
Testes
|
2 oval shaped gonads in the scrotum
|
|
|
Where do the testes decend from during development?
|
inguinal canal
|
|
|
What is the function of the testes?
|
produce sperm and testosterone
|
|
|
Where is sperm made?
|
in the seminiferous tubules
|
|
|
Where is testosterone made?
|
in the interstitial cells
|
|
|
Name the tunics found around the testes
|
tunica vaginalis and tunica albuginea
|
|
|
Tunica Vaginalis
|
double layered outter tunic
|
|
|
Tunica Albuginea
|
inner fiberous capsule
|
|
|
What layer of the testes is derived from another area, and what area?
|
Tunica Vaginalis; Peritonium
|
|
|
What layer of the testes extends inward dividing the testes?
|
tunica albuginea
|
|
|
What does the tunica albuginea divide the testes into?
|
250 - 300 lobules
|
|
|
What does each lobule contain?
|
1 -4 seminiferious tubules
|
|
|
Name sperm's pathway to the epididymis
|
tubulus rectus, rete testes, efferent ductules, epididymis
|
|
|
Epididymis
|
coiled up tube consisting of a head, neck, and tail reigon
|
|
|
How long is the epididymis?
|
25 feet
|
|
|
Where is the epididymis located?
|
on the posterior, lateral side of the testicle
|
|
|
What does the epididymus store, and for how long?
|
non motile sperm for 20 days
|
|
|
Stereocilia
|
non-motile microvilli to absorb excess fluid and provide nutrients to the sperm
|
|
|
How long can sperm be stored?
|
2 months
|
|
|
Spermatic cord
|
tissue surrounding vas deferens, arteries, veins, lymph, nerves
|
|
|
Where does the vas deferens extend?
|
through the inguinal canal, into the pelvic cavity, then up, over and behind the bladder
|
|
|
What propels sperm?
|
the contraction of smooth muscle from the epididymus to the urethra
|
|
|
Ampulla
|
the terminal end of the vas deferens that is enlarged
|
|
|
What forms the ejaculatory duct?
|
the vas deferens joins the duct of the seminal vesicle
|
|
|
What does the sperm travel through before going to the urethra?
|
ejaculatory duct goes through the prostate gland where it drains sperm and secretions from the seminal vesicle
|
|
|
vasectomy
|
a proceedure that cuts, ties, and cauterizes the vas deferens
|
|
|
Where does the urethra extend in a male?
|
from the bladder to the tip of the penis
|
|
|
Membranous Urethra
|
portion of the urethra that passes through the urogenital diaphragm
|
|
|
Spongy Urethra
|
portion of the urethra that runs through the penis (75%)
|
|
|
Name the accessory structures of the male reproductive organs
|
seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland
|
|
|
Where are the seminal vesicles located?
|
paired glands are located posterior to the bladder
|
|
|
What does the seminal vesicle produce?
|
a viscous, alkaline secretion containing fructose, prostagladins, and clotting factors
|
|
|
How much of semen does the seminal vesicle produce?
|
60%
|
|
|
Where is the prostate gland located?
|
at the base of the bladder
|
|
|
What does the prostate gland produce?
|
a milky, alkaline substance that enhances sperm motility and viability serving as a nutrient source
|
|
|
How much of semen volume does does prostate's substance account for?
|
33%
|
|
|
What's another name for the bulbouretheral gland ?
|
Cowpers Gland
|
|
|
Where is the bulbourethral located?
|
at the bulb of the penis
|
|
|
What does the bulbourethral gland's secretion function as?
|
lubrication of the penile urethra and neutralizes the urinary acids
|
|
|
Copulatory Organ
|
penis
|
|
|
Male External Genitailia
|
penis and the scrotum
|
|
|
What does the penis consist of?
|
root, staft, and glans penis
|
|
|
What is considered the root of the penis?
|
bulb and crus of penis
|
|
|
Circumcision
|
the removal of the prepuce
|
|
|
Crura
|
three masses of erectile tissues: Corpus Spongiousum and Corpus Carvernosa
|
|
|
Corpus Spongiousum
|
the mid-ventral erectile body that surrounds the urethra
|
|
|
Corpus Cavernosum
|
paired masses of dorsal erectile tissue that makes up most of the penis and is bound by tunica albuginea
|
|
|
What is the alkalinity of semen?
|
7.2 to 7.6
|
|
|
What is the normal discharge of sperm?
|
2 - 5 ml per ejaculation
|
|
|
What is the morphology of semen?
|
about 35% abnormal
|
|
|
What is the survival rate of semen?
|
can live 48 hours after ejaculation
|
|
|
What is the motility of sperm?
|
60% exhibit forward movment
|
|
|
How many sperm are sterile?
|
20 million per mL
|
|
|
What amount of sperm makes a male infertile?
|
less than 20 million per mL
|
|
|
How does stiffening of the penis occur?
|
it results from the engorgment of the erectile bodies with blood
|
|
|
What is an erection triggered by?
|
parasympathetic reflexes
|
|
|
What do parasympathetic reflexes premote?
|
the release of nitric oxide
|
|
|
What does nitric oxide do?
|
relaxes the smooth muscles allowing the penile blood vessels to dilate
|
|
|
Once blood fills the penis what happens?
|
the corpus cavernosa presses on the veins stoping blood from escaping, AND bulboulurethral secretes precum
|
|
|
Precapillary Spincter
|
keeps blood in the penis
|
|
|
ejaculation
|
the propulsion of semen from the male duct system as a result of spinal reflex
|
|
|
What causes the reproductive ducts and accessory glands to contract, emptying their contents into the urethra?
|
sympathetic nerves
|
|
|
What keeps urine from coming out with semen?
|
bladder and sphincter muscle
|
|
|
How far is semen propelled?
|
200 in per sec
|
|
|
When does spermatogenisis begin?
|
during puberty and continues through out life
|
|
|
How long does it take to make sperm?
|
64 - 72 days
|
|
|
Name the processes of spermatogenisis
|
Interphase, Meiosis 1, Meiosis 2
|
|
|
Interphase
|
DNA replication resulting in 46 chromosomes
|
|
|
Name the stages of Meiosis
|
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
|
|
|
Name what happens in Prophase 1
|
membrane breaks down,
chromosomes become visible, spindle fibers form, homologous chromosomes undergo synapsis, crossingover occurs |
|
|
crossing over
|
the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes (makes brother and sister different)
|
|
|
What happens in Metaphase 1?
|
homologous pairs line up in the middle of the cell, spindle fibers attach to the centromere
|
|
|
What happens in Anaphase 1
|
homologous pairs separate, one of each pair moves to the opposite end
|
|
|
What happens in Telephase 1?
|
neuclear membrane forms, chromosomes disappear, spindle fibers break down, cytokinesis by cleavage furrow
|
|
|
Name the phases of mieosis 2
|
prophase2 metaphase2 anaphase2 telophase2
|
|
|
How many daughter cells are there at the end of Mieosis 1?
|
2
|
|
|
How many daughter cells are there at the end of Mieosis 2?
|
4
|
|
|
In spermatogensis, what is the parent cell called?
|
spermatogonium
|
|
|
In spermatogenisis, what is the daughter cell calleD?
|
primary spermatocyte
|
|
|
After Meiosis 1, what is the primary spermatocyte called?
|
secondary spermatocyte
|
|
|
After Meiosis 2, what is the secondary spermatocyte called?
|
early spermatids
|
|
|
What is the function of the female reproductive system?
|
to produce gametes as well as nurture and protect the developing embryo
|
|
|
Ovaries
|
paired almond shaped structures located on each side of the uterus
|
|
|
Ovarian and suspensory ligament
|
holds the ovaries in place
|
|
|
Name the female sex hormones produced by the ovaries
|
estrogen and progestrone
|
|
|
Name the tissues covering the ovaries
|
tunica albuginea and germinal epithelium
|
|
|
Tunica albuginea (Ovary)
|
fibrous connective tissue that is closest to the ovary
|
|
|
Germinal Epithelium (Ovary)
|
cuboidal cells that are continuous with the parietal peritoneum
|
|
|
What are the ovaries composed of?
|
many ovarian follicles that each consist of an oocyte
|
|
|
oocyte
|
immature egg
|
|
|
isthmus
|
constricted area found at the end of the uterine tube
|
|
|
What does the corpus luteum stimulate?
|
progesterone that stimulates the growth of the endothelium
|
|
|
What is another name for the uterine tubes?
|
oviducts or fallopian tubes
|
|
|
What is the function of the uterine tubes?
|
to transport the ova from the ovaries to the uterus, site of fertilization
|
|
|
Fimbrae
|
fingerlike projections which possess many cili
|
|
|
Where is the fimbrae found?
|
at the end of the uterine tubes to catch the ova
|
|
|
How long does it take for the ova to go through the uterine tubes?
|
3 days
|
|
|
What is another name for the uterus?
|
womb
|
|
|
Uterus
|
pear shaped muscluar structure located superior to the bladder
|
|
|
Name the uterus' reigons
|
fundus, body, cervix
|
|
|
fundus
|
rounded upper reigon
|
|
|
body
|
the major portion of the uterus
|
|
|
cervix
|
narrow neck and mouth of the uterus
|
|
|
Name the uterus' layers
|
endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium
|
|
|
Endometrium
|
thick innermost mucus lining where the fertilized egg will penetrate
|
|
|
Myometrium
|
muscular middle layer
|
|
|
Perimetrium
|
outtermost serious layer
|
|
|
Name the uterus' chief strata
|
statum functionalis and stratum basalis
|
|
|
Stratum functionalis
|
the functional layer of the uterus
|
|
|
Stratum basalis
|
forms a new functional layer each month
|
|
|
vagina
|
a thin walled tube like structure
|
|
|
How far does the vagina extend?
|
from the cervix to the outside of the body (8 - 10) inches
|
|
|
Name the functions of the vagina
|
to receive the penis and semen, birth canal and passageway for menses
|
|
|
Hymen
|
ruptured during the first coitus
|
|
|
coitus
|
sexual intercoarse
|
|
|
Where is the hymen located?
|
distal to the end of the vaginal orifice
|
|
|
Name the coats of the vagina
|
outer adventitia, muscularis, inner mucosa with rugae
|
|
|
What is another name for the external genitalia
|
vulva
|
|
|
Name areas considered external genitalia
|
mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibule, perineum
|
|
|
Mons pubis
|
rounded area over the pubic bone where hair is
|
|
|
clitoris
|
a small protrucing structure that is homologus to the penis in males and possesses erectile tissues
|
|
|
vestibule
|
consists of the urethral and vaginal openings
|
|
|
perineum
|
soft tissue between the vaginal region and the anus that is often cut during childbirth
|
|
|
episiotomy
|
the proceedure that cuts between the anus and vagina
|
|
|
Mammary Glands
|
modified sweat glands present in both sexes
|
|
|
What is the function of mammary glands?
|
found in females in response to prolactin, production and ejection of milk
|
|
|
Alveoli cells
|
secretes milk
|
|
|
Where are alveoli cells found?
|
clustered in lobules
|
|
|
What are the lobules drained by in mammary glands?
|
lactiferous duct dialating to form a lactiferous sinus
|
|
|
Areolar
|
pigmented portion of the breast with a protruding nipple
|
|
|
When does oogenesis occur?
|
mieosis 1 is completed while the baby is still in the womb, and meiosis 2 is completed only if the egg becomes fertilized with the sperm
|
|
|
Where does oogenesis occur?
|
in the ovary
|
|
|
What is the name of the parent cells of a female?
|
oogonia
|
|
|
What is the name of the daughter cells of a female?
|
primary oocyte
|
|
|
How many primary oocytes are produced in mieosis 1?
|
400,000
|
|
|
What stage are primary oocytes in, before ovulation begins as a teen?
|
prophase 1and then it completes meiosis 1 before entering the uterine tube
|
|
|
What does the primary oocyte become when it is ovulated?
|
secondary oocyte
|
|
|
Once the secondary oocyte is ovulated, what stage does it stay in until a sperm comes?
|
metaphase 2
|
|
|
Polar Bodies
|
the result of meiosis because cytokinesis is uneven; theres one ovum and 3 polar bodies
|
|
|
Name the phases of the Ovarian Cycle
|
follicular phase Ovulation and Luteal phase
|
|
|
What days are follicular phases?
|
day 1 -13
|
|
|
What happens in the folicular phase?
|
primordial follicles are activated forming the primary follicle cells,
primary follicle cells grow forming the granulosa cells, granulosa and thecal cells secrete estrogen and glucoprotein that forms the zona pellucida, the antrum is formed causing it to be a secondary oocyte, as the granulosa become isolated the corona radiata is formed distinguishing it to be a graafian follicle |
|
|
What does the primary follicle contain?
|
primary oocyte
|
|
|
What type of cells are the primary oocytes?
|
squamous shaped cells
|
|
|
What type of cells are the primary follicles?
|
cuboidal cells surrounded by thecal cells
|
|
|
What does the granulosa and thecal cells secrete?
|
estrogen
|
|
|
What does the granulosa cells secrete?
|
glycoprotein
|
|
|
Whats another name for the Graafian cells?
|
vesicular follicle
|
|
|
What day does ovulation happen on?
|
day 14
|
|
|
What happens in ovulation?
|
the antrum swells causing the ballooning ovary wall to rupture and expel the secondary oocyte
|
|
|
What is the % of ovulations having more than one oocyte ovulated?
|
1 - 2 % and it increases with age
|
|
|
What day is the Luteal phase?
|
day 14 - 28
|
|
|
What happens in the Luteal phase?
|
formation of corpus luteum from granulosa and thecal cells, and ruptured follicle collapses and the antrum fills with clotted blood, corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen
|
|
|
What happens to the corpus luteum if theres no pregnancy?
|
corpus albicans (or scar tissue) forms
|
|
|
What is another name for the menstrual cycle?
|
uterine cycle
|
|
|
Name the phases of the menstrual cycle
|
Menstrual phase, preovulatory phase, post ovulatory phase
|
|
|
What is another name for the menstrual phase?
|
menses
|
|
|
How long is the menstrual phase?
|
1 - 5 days
|
|
|
What happens in the menstrual phase?
|
FSH causes primordal follicles in ovaries to develop, loss of endometrium
|
|
|
What is the cause of the menstruation?
|
decreased levels of estrogen and progesterone
|
|
|
What is another name for the pre ovulation stage?
|
proliferative phase
|
|
|
How long is the proliferative phase?
|
6 -14 days
|
|
|
What happens in the pre ovulation stage?
|
estrogen causes growth of the endometrium, bloodvessles develop through the endometrium, ovulation occurs because of LH surges
|
|
|
What is another name for post ovulation phase?
|
secretory phase
|
|
|
How long is the post ovulation phase?
|
15 - 28 days
|
|
|
What happens in the post ovulation phase?
|
ruptured follicle converts to corpus luteum under the influence of LH and begins secreting progesterone, endometrium changes, uterine secretes glycogen to sustain the blastocyst until implantation has occurred, cervical plug occurs
|
|
|
What happens in Menopause?
|
menstration stops, ovaries fail in response to FSH, remaining follicles decrease, estrogen levels decline, regression of organs occurs
|
|
|
What age does menopause occur?
|
45 - 55
|
|
|
What is estrogen secreted by?
|
the ovary or corpus luteum and developing follicles
|
|
|
What stimulates a release of estrogen?
|
FSH
|
|
|
What secretes progesterone?
|
ovary, corpus luteum
|
|
|
What stimulates a release of progesterone?
|
LH
|
|
|
What secretes testosterone?
|
testes, interstitial cells
|
|
|
What stimulates a release of testosterone?
|
LH and the declining levels of inhibin
|
|
|
A. Testicular cancer
|
(1 in every 20,000 males)=common in young men ages 15-35.
|
|
|
B. Hypertrophy of the prostate gland=
|
enlargement of the prostate which leads to anuria or inability to achieve an erection.
|
|
|
C. Prostatitis=
|
inflammation of the prostate
|
|
|
D. Male sterility=
|
low sperm counts
|
|
|
E. Impotence=
|
inability to achieve an erection
|
|
|
F. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)=
|
bacterial infection resulting in inflammation
|
|
|
G. Cervical cancer=
|
common among women age 30-50 especially in case where there is a history of sexually transmitted diseases or multiple pregnancies.
|
|
|
H. Prolapse of the uterus=
|
the uterus sinks until the tip of the cervix protrudes through the external vaginal openings.
|
|
|
J. Nondisjunction=
|
failure of homologous pairs or chromatids to separate during meiosis resulting in too many or too few chromosomes in the embryo (example Turner's syndrome or Down syndrome).
|
|
|
K. Amenorrhea=
|
cessation of menses
|
|
|
L. Dysmenorrhea=
|
painful menstruation
|
|
|
M. Endometriosis=
|
over production of endometrium
|
|
|
N. Cryptochidism=
|
failure of testes to descend into the scrotum
|
|
|
Gonorrhea
|
painful urination and discharge of pus, abnormal urterine bleeding
|
|
|
syphilis
|
corkscrew shaped bacteria, passing from mother to fetus, has a lesion
|
|
|
chlamydia
|
most common, transmitted through birth, causes sterility
|
|
|
Genital warts
|
linked to cervical cancer, second most common
|
|
|
Genital Herpes
|
silent for years and then blister up causing lesions, it never goes away
|
