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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the largest single componet of the body?
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water
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How much of an early embryo is made up of water?
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97%
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How much of a newborn infant made up of water?
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77%
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How much of an adult male is made up of water?
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60%
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How much of an adult female is made up of water?
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54%
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How much of an elderly adult is made up of water?
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45%
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How much of adipose tissue is hydrated?
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20%
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How much of skeletal muscle is hydrated?
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65%
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Intercellular Fluid Compartment (ICF)
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fluid within each cell
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How much water is found in ICF?
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25L
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Extracellular Fluid Compartment (ECF)
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body water found outside of the cells
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How much water is found in EFC?
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15L
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Name the compartments of EFC
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intravascular, interstitial fluid
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Intervascular
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the fluid portion of blood within blood vessels
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Interstitial fluid
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the fluid in the microscopic spaces between cells
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Elecrtolytes
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molecules that disassociate when mixed with ions and are capable of conducting an electrical current
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Name the electrolytes
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cations and anions
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cations
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an ion carrying a positive charge
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Name some examples of cations
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Na+, H+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+
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anions
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an ion carrying a negative charge
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Name some examples of anions
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Cl-, HCO3-, HPO42-, SO42-
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Non Electrolytes
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molecules that don't break apart when mixed with ions or break apart and aren't charged
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Name some examples of non electrolytes
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glucose, lipids, creatinine, urea
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How are electrolytes usually expressed?
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in milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L)
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What is the difference between blood plasma and interstitual fluids?
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protien levels are higher in blood because they are too large to diffuse into and out of a capillary
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extracellular have increased substances of what?
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Na+ cations and Cl- anions
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intracellular fluids have increased substances of what?
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K+ cations and HPO42- anions
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How much of non-electrolyte substances account for in plasma?
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90%
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How much of non-electrolyte substances account for in interstitial fluids?
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60%
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How much of non-electrolyte substances account for in intracellular fluids?
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97%
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What happens when there are increased hydrostatic pressure at the arteriole end of the capillary bed?
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fluid is forced into the interstitial spaces
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What happens when there are increased colloid osmotic pressure at the venous end of the capillary bed?
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it creates a suction of fluids into the blood vessel and out of the interstitial spaces
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What flows freely in and out of interstitial spaces and intracellular compartments?
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water in response to concentration gradients
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How do ions flux between interstitial and intracellular?
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by active transport
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What is unidirectional in intersititial and intracellular spaces?
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nutrients, respitory gasses, and wastes
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What moves into the cells?
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nutrients and oxygen
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What moves out of the cells?
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metabolic wastes and carbon dioxide
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Facilitated Diffusion
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substances are moved by channels or are carried across
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Primary Active Transport
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the protien changes it's shape to get across
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Secondary Active Transport
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Na opens the membrane and allows protein to cross
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Endocytosis
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engulfing the particle
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Excocytosis
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secretion of enzymes
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What is the normal intake of water?
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2500mL
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What are the major sources of water intake?
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liquids (60%) solid foods (30%) metabolic water (10%)
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What are the major sources of water output?
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INSENSABLE LOSSES: lungs and skin (28%) SENSIBLE LOSSES: sweat (8%) urine (60%) feces (4%)
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What triggers the thirst mechanism?
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decreased plasma volume and increased plasma osmolality
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What part of the brain controls the thirst mechanism?
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hypothalamic osmoreceptors
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When osmorecptors lose water by osmosis to a hypertonic ECF what happens?
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it encourages the individual to drink
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Dehydration
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water loss exceeds water intake over a period of time and the body is in a negative fluid balance
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Name the causes of dehydration
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hemorrhage, severe burns,vomiting, diarrhea, profuse sweating water deprivation, diuretic abuse
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Hypotonic Hydration
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excessive water build up in the cells causing them to swell
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What does hypotonic hydration lead to?
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disorientation, convolusions, coma, and death
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What are the causes of hypotonic hydration?
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excessive water intake in a short period of time and renal insufficiency
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Edema
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accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces, leading to tissue swelling
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What happens when there is excess fluid loss from the blood and into the interstitial spaces?
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increased blood pressure and capillary permeability
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What in sufficentcies results in fluids being left in the interstitial spaces and blood stream
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glomerulonephritis, malnutrition, or liver disease
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What electrolyte is often ingested in excess of need?
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NaCl
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How are electrolytes lost?
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perspiration, feces, and urine
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What organ is most important in regulating electrolyte balance?
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kidneys
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What is the most important solute in Extracellular fluid?
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sodium
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What are the functions of sodium as an electrolyte?
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exert the bulk of ECF osmotic pressure, control water volume and distribution in the body, and helps regulate K, Cl-, HCO3+, H+ in the ECF
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What is sodium transported by?
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the renal tubule cells
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Alderstrone
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inhances the reabsorption of sodium in the loop of henle
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What happens when Alderstrone levels are high?
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the sodium levels are reabsorbed and water follows it while simultaneously encouraging K+ secretion
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What does Aldosterone secrete K+ into?
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renal tubules
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What happens if Aldosterone is inhibited?
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no Na+ reabsorbtion occurs and it is instead secreted in dilute as urine
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What happens to sodium when blood volume rises?
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baroreceptors cause afferent arterioles of the glomerulus to dilate thereby increasing glomerular filtration to increase Na+ and water output
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pressure diuresis
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the process of baroreceptors leading to the increase of water and sodium output
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What happens to sodium when arteriole pressure falls?
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it premotes vasoconstriction and conserves Na+ and water
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What stimulates ADH release?
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sodium
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What happens when ADH is released?
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it allows more water to be reabsorbed into the bloodstream
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What illness' trigger the release of ADH by reducing blood volume?
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prolonged fever, sweating, vomitting, diarrhea, blood loss, and traumatic burns
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What does Atrial Natruiretic Peptide (ANP) cause when blood pressure rises?
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systemic vasodilation and inhibits renin, aldosterone, and ADH release
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How does ANP affect sodium excretion?
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by stimulating things that affect sodium
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What is Estrogen's influence on sodium?
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it enhances NaCl reabsorption by the renal tubules (fluid retention)
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What is Progesterone's influence on sodium?
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it decreases sodium reabsorption by blocking aldosterone causeing diuretic effect
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What is glucocorticoids influence on sodium?
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enhances tubular reabsorption of sodium and promotes increased glomerular filtration therefore their effects are masked
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What is responsible for the balance of K+?
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the cortical collecting ducts by secreting aldosterone
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What influences the secretion of K+?
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its concentration in blood plasma
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How does PTH regulate Ca and phosphate balance in bones?
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it activates osteoclasts which break down the bone matrix resulting in the release of Ca2 and PO42- to the blood
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How does PTH regulate Ca and phosphate balance in the small intestine?
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it enhances intestinal absorption of Ca2+
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How does PTH regulate Ca and phosphate balance in the kidneys?
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it increases Ca reabsorption by the renal tubules which simutaneously decreasing phsophate ion reabsorption
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What produces calcitonin?
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parathyroid gland
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How does calcitonin influence Ca and phosphate balance?
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encourages deposits of Ca salts and inhibits bone reabsorption
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What is Calcitonin released in response to?
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increased Ca levels
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Where is potassium secreted?
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in the DCT
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The parathyroid increases Ca or decreases Ca?
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increases
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The thyroid increases Ca or decreases Ca?
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decreases
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The parathyroid increases Mg or decreases Mg?
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increases
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Where is magnesuim found in the body?
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half is found in the skeleton and the other half is in the cells
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Calcitonin increases Mg or decreases Mg?
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decreases
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What is Mg regulated to counteract?
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excess of deficits in the extracellular fluids
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What is the major anion accompanying sodium reabsorption when blood pH is high?
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chloride
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What is replaced by bicarbonate in acidosis?
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chloride
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What is the reabsorption of anions regulated by?
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transport maximums
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Acids
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electrolytes that release H+ when in a solution 1 - 6.9
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What is another name for an acid and why?
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proton donor because H+ is a proton
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Bases
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electrolytes that release OH- when in solution 7.1 - 14
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What is another name for a base?
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proton acceptor
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What are more effective proton acceptors and why?
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strong bases
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What is the pH of blood
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7.35 - 7.45
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How is alkalosis represented?
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higher pH
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How is acidosis represented?
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lower pH
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Respiratory Acidosis
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the result of an increase in CO2 due to shallow breathing or when exchange is hampered due to disease due to hypoventalation
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Metabolic Acidosis
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due to the decrease in HCO3 which lowers pH
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Respiratory Alkalosis
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the result of a decrease in CO2 levels in blood due to hyperventalation
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What is metabolic acidosis caused by?
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excessive alcohol, prolonged diarrhea, and renal dysfunction
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Metabolic Alkalosis
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is due to an increase in HCO3 which increases pH and is caused by exchessive vomiting
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Chemical buffering system
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substances that resist shifts in pH
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Name the types of chemical buffer systems
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Bicarbonate, Phosphate, and protien
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Where does bicarbonate buffer systems function?
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in extracellular systems
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In a Bicarbonate Buffer System what functions as a weak base?
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HCO3- (Bicarbonate)
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In a Bicarbonate Buffer System what functions as a weak acid?
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H2CO3 Carbonic acid
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HCl (a strong acid) + NaHCO3 =
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H2CO3 (a weak acid) + NaCl
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NaOH (a strong base) +NaCO3 =
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NaHCO3 (a weak base) + H2O
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Where does the phosphate buffer system funciton?
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in intracellular systems
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In a phosphate buffer system what functions as a weak base?
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Na2HPO4 (monohydrogen phosphate)
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In a phosphate buffer system what functions as a weak acid?
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NaH2PO4 (dihydrogen phosphate)
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HCl + Na2HPO4 =
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NaH2PO4 + NaCl
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NaOH + Na2HPO4 =
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Na2HPO4 + H2O
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What is the most abundant buffer system in the body that includes intracellular and extracellular compartments?
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Protien Buffer System
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What are the major acids and bases in a protein buffer system?
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Carboxyl groups and amine groups act as either to maintain balance
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What does the respitory system utilize in regulation of H+?
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the Bicarbonate Buffer System and the reversal equalibrium of Carbon Dioxide Water and Carbonic Acid
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Hypoproteinemia
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low plasma proteins
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Hyperkalemia
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high blood K+ concentrations
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Hypercalcemia
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high blood Ca+ concentrations
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Addison's Disease
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disorder involved in mineralocorticoid deficincies
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Conn's Disease
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increased secretion of aldosterone caused by an aderenal tumor, and is also known as hyperalsodteronism
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